Parenting Practices of Turkish-Dutch and Dutch Mothers
We examined child-rearing behaviors among 33 Dutch and 35 Turkish-Dutch mothers. Comparisons showed that Turkish-Dutch mothers reported more use of demanding child-rearing behaviors than Dutch mothers. Observational data came from recorded mother-child in
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1 Introduction Developmental researchers have been mostly interested in parenting styles which can be defined as parent’s general attitude towards the child (Baumrind 1991). Four parenting styles have been described in the literature: Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful (Baumrind; Maccoby and Martin 1983); especially authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles attracted attention. However, although parenting styles are informative for understanding general principles of child rearing, they provide little information on the proximal aspects of parenting that have a direct impact on child development. Darling and Steinberg (1993) argued that parenting practices, which are specific, goal-directed behaviors through which parents perform their parental duties towards their children, directly affect children’s developmental outcomes (Wade 2004).
E. Durgel () Department of Psychology, Yasar University, Üniversite Caddesi, No: 37–39, 35100 Bornova/Izmir, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] F. J. R. van de Vijver Social and Behavioral Sciences Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2015 B. Ö. Otyakmaz, Y. Karakaşoğlu (Hrsg.), Frühe Kindheit in der Migrationsgesellschaft, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-07382-4_5
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E. Durgel and F. J. R. van de Vijver
Some of the most frequently studied parenting behaviors include responsiveness, warmth, induction, power assertion, cognitive stimulation, and demandingness (Dekovic and Janssen 1992; Tamis-LeMonda et al. 2004; Yagmurlu and Sanson 2009). Although some practices like caring and nurturing the child are found to be intuitive and universal (Bornstein et al. 1991), most practices are found to vary with cultural background. In general, parents from collectivistic cultures are found to display a more authoritarian parenting with high levels of parental control, demandingness, and restrictiveness than parents from individualistic cultures who display authoritative parenting more (Chao 1994; Kagitcibasi 1970; Rudy and Grusec 2006). Non-Western mothers are found to use more negative parenting, punishment, and control (Cardona et al. 2000; Kelley and Tseng 1992) and less praising and verbal encouragement (Bradley et al. 1996) than Western mothers. For example, studies with African and Chinese Americans in the US revealed that parental control is much more common in the ethnic minority groups than in the mainstream Caucasian families (Kelley and Tseng 1992). It was also shown that parents from collectivistic background engage in child-rearing practices that support connectedness and relatedness with others more and behaviors that stimulate autonomy of their children less than parents from individualistic backgrounds (Liu et al. 2005). Parenting practices are often assessed by self-reports of parents. This method is indeed very informative; however, self-reported parenting practices reflect the attitudes and perception o
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