Parenting
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KAREN L. ASHBY
Parenting Parenting is a relatively new word about a very old topic—raising children. Parenting can be done by one or both biological parents, by adoptive parents, or by any other person who informally takes the place of a parent. The goal of parenting is to raise children to be happy, healthy adults who can think for themselves and make good choices in their lives. Good parenting requires self-control, consistency, and persistence. Most parents find that parenting is the most difficult and most rewarding job they ever do. A full description of effective parenting is beyond the scope of this book but many helpful guides are available at any library or bookstore. Custody is a part of parenting that refers to the legal responsibility for a child. When parents separate from each other or divorce, or when parents live separately from their child, a judge usually decides who will have custody of the child. Judges who make decisions about custody often look closely at parenting issues. A judge will consider whom the child turns to when the child has problems and how the parent makes decisions about the child. Parenting can also play a role in determination of parental fitness or termination of parental rights. Courts often become involved in families where there is abuse or neglect of a child. If the situation cannot be made safe for the child, the state takes custody of the child at least temporarily. If the parents cannot or will not work toward creating a healthy environment for their child, then the state could ultimately end the parents’ legal connections with the child and allow the child to be adopted. SEE ALSO: Adoption, Child care, Cohabitation, Day care, Divorce, Domestic partnership, Marital status
Suggested Reading Brazelton, T. B., & Greenspan, S. (2000). The irreducible needs of children: What every child must have to grow, learn, and flourish. Cambridge, MA: Perseus. Lyster, M. (1996). Building parenting agreements that work. Berkeley, CA: Nolo Press.
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Parkinson’s Disease Peters, D., & Strom, R. (1997). Divorce and child custody: Your options and legal rights. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. Watnik, W. (1997). Child custody made simple. Claremont, CA: Single Parent Press.
SHEILA SIMON
Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder of unknown cause, which typically affects people in middle to late life. Named for Dr. James Parkinson, who first described the disease over 180 years ago, PD needs to be distinguished from Parkinsonism, a descriptive term applied to various features of the disease. Parkinsonism applies to the syndrome of hand tremor, muscle stiffness, slowed body movements, and unsteady posture and gait. Parkinsonism can be caused by certain medications or illicit drugs, as a result of viral infection, secondary to a number of environmental exposures (insecticides, contaminated water supplies), or by PD. A diagnosis of PD implies that the P
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