Upstander Intervention and Parenting Styles
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Upstander Intervention and Parenting Styles John Chapin 1
&
Alexey Stern 1
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Abstract Findings from a survey of children and adolescents (N = 645) documents that students witness and experience a range of abuse at home and at school. Participants freely acknowledged pushing or shoving (46%) and slapping or hitting peers (40%). The study contributes to the literature by focusing on upstanding (active versus passive bystander intervention) and parenting styles. Findings reveal an interesting disconnect between those who say they will intervene when confronted by friends’ or peers’ bullying behaviors and those who actually have intervened. Children and adolescents with authoritarian parents are more likely to say they would intervene to help peers, but when asked if they actually have done so, they are the least likely to follow-through. In contrast, children with authoritative or permissive parents show the opposite pattern: No significant difference in their intent to intervene, but they are more likely to become upstanders, rather than passive bystanders when actually confronted with bullying behavior. Keywords Parenting styles . Upstander intervention . Active bystander intervention . Bullying
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2018), there are three distinct typologies of parenting styles: Authoritarian, Authoritative, and Permissive. These categories are recognized by developmental psychologists as a way to classify the various approaches that parents implement when raising their children. The literature on parenting styles is well established (Kawabata et al. 2011; Simons and Conger 2007; Underwood et al. 2009). The purpose of this study is to extend this literature by studying the relationship between parenting styles and upstander intervention.
Upstander Intervention Bystander intervention is a form of social support that focuses on empowering people to intervene against antisocial behavior, such as bullying. In recent years, scholars and advocates have embraced the term upstander for a person who stands up, rather than stands by. The importance of social support for adolescents is well documented (Eck et al. 2016; Rudert et al. 2018b). Which * John Chapin [email protected] 1
Pennsylvania State University, 100 University Drive, Monaca, PA 15001, USA
people are more likely to become upstanders when confronted with bullying and why? Approaches to answering this question have varied over the years. Moisuc et al. (2018) focused on the personality characteristics of individuals who “speak up” to confront bullies. The personality characteristics most associated with active bystander intervention were altruism, extraversion, social responsibility, persistence, and self-directedness. Findings also indicate that people who confronted one form of bullying (prejudice) also tended to do so for a variety of other uncivil behaviors. Previous findings support Moisuc’s conclusions (Carlsmith et al. 2002; Gabriel 2014; Taggar and Ellis 2007)
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