Particulate Matter and NOx Reduction Techniques for Internal Combustion Engine: A Review
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REVIEW PAPER
Particulate Matter and NOx Reduction Techniques for Internal Combustion Engine: A Review Manu Bindra1
•
Devendra Vashist1
Received: 26 September 2018 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 The Institution of Engineers (India) 2020
Abstract Exhaust emission from vehicles contains toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide due to incomplete combustion; hydrocarbons from unburnt fuel; oxides of nitrogen due to higher temperatures in the combustion chamber; oxides of sulfur and particulate matter (mostly soot). These toxic pollutants are responsible for air pollution which further becomes the cause of respiratory diseases in living beings. To curb this problem of air pollution from vehicles, India is preparing to enforce Bharat Stage-VI norms by the year 2020. This policy to leapfrog to BSVI from BSIV, eliminating BS V emission standard, has inspired/challenged inventors to find new ways and means for reducing the levels of pollution drastically. In this paper, technology involved in reducing tailpipe emission mainly particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are discussed. The reviewed NOx reduction techniques involve fuel blending, modified engine design/combustion process and aftertreatment of exhaust gases, while for PM reduction, Catalytic convertor techniques PM traps/filters technique, PM centrifugal separators technique are analyzed. It is found through this review that for NOx reduction, SNCR—selective non-catalytic reduction technique is very useful, without any use of a catalyst as remarkable results have been obtained through treating exhaust gases with Urea. Diesel particulate filter (DPF) is the technique used at the commercial level wherein centrifugal particulate separator technique is under development stage.
& Manu Bindra [email protected] 1
Automobile Engineering Department, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Sector 43, Faridabad, India
Keywords Vehicle emission Nox reduction PM reduction SNCR DPF Centrifugal separator
Introduction The importance of road transport in economic growth by transporting goods and people across the country is very well recognized. At the same time, it also happens to be a source of harmful greenhouse gases (GHG) and air quality pollutants in the form of emissions in the atmosphere. Emissions because of road transport can be categorized as direct, i.e., generated during operation of vehicles (tailpipe emissions and evaporative losses) or as indirect, i.e., as generated during the production of fuel, manufacturing and disposal of the vehicle. Various studies undertaken have shown that out of total transport lifecycle emissions, the share of tailpipe emissions is quite significant, i.e., more than 50% of total lifecycle emissions [1]. Therefore, an effort in the reduction in harmful emissions from the tailpipe of vehicles shall contribute substantially to reducing total inventories of global greenhouse gases. Tailpipe emissions from an internal combustion engine comprise mainly carbon dioxide (CO2), unburnt total hydrocarb
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