Pathogen-host interaction mediated by vesicle-based secretion in schistosomes
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REVIEW
Pathogen-host interaction mediated by vesicle-based secretion in schistosomes Miriam Bischofsberger 1 & Franziska Winkelmann 1 & Anne Rabes 1 & Emil C. Reisinger 1 & Martina Sombetzki 1 Received: 27 January 2020 / Accepted: 15 May 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract As part of the parasite’s excretory/secretory system, extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a potent communication tool of schistosomes with their human host to strike the balance between their own survival in a hostile immunological environment and a minimal damage to the host tissue. Their cargo consists of functional proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that facilitate biological processes like migration, nutrient acquisition, or reproduction. The most important impact of the vesicle-mediated communication, however, is the promotion of the parasite survival via mimicking host protein function and directly or indirectly modulating the immune response of the host. Overcoming this shield of immunological adaption in the schistosome-host relation is the aim of current research activities in this field and crucial for the development of a reliable anti-schistosomal therapy. Not least because of their prospective use in clinical applications, research on EVs is now a rapidly expanding field. We herein focus on the current state of knowledge of vesicle-based communication of schistosomes and discussing the role of EVs in facilitating biological processes and immune modulatory properties of EVs considering the different life stages of the parasite. Keywords Schistosoma mansoni . Extracellular vesicles . EV based communication . Parasite host interaction
Introduction Billions of people worldwide are hosts of parasites, which contribute to a large extent to the global health burden of infectious origin (Torgerson et al. 2015). It is believed that hundreds of helminth species and protozoa can affect humans. Only a small portion of these pathogens are responsible for the world’s most important and debilitating parasitic diseases, e.g., malaria, Chagas’ disease, and schistosomiasis (Montaner et al. 2014). Critical for all internal parasites, regardless of the kingdom they belong to, is their obligatory host dependence for survival and reproduction. They often undergo multiple life cycle transformations with asexual and sexual replication phases in several hosts (Mantel and Marti 2014). This survival mode requires not only an enormous ability to
Handling Editor: Klaudia Brix * Martina Sombetzki [email protected] 1
Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Section of Nephrology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
adapt to different environmental conditions but also a high resistance to the various defense mechanisms of the hosts. To hijack their host organisms and make them useful for their specific needs, worms have developed into master manipulators of the immune system during co-evolutionary development with their specific hosts. For this purpose, parasites use extracellular vesicles (EV) as an effective
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