Flagellar Hook/Needle Length Control and Secretion Control in Type III Secretion Systems
The flagellum is a motile organ, and the needle complex is a type III secretion apparatus for pathogenesis. There are more similarities than differences between the two structures at the molecular level. Here I focus on the hook and the needle and discuss
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Contents 1 2
Introduction.......................................................................................................................... Morphology of the Flagella/Needle Structure .................................................................... 2.1 Components Outside the Cell .................................................................................... 2.2 Periplasmic Components ............................................................................................ 2.3 Components in the Cytoplasm and the Inner Membrane.......................................... 3 Hook/Needle Length ........................................................................................................... 3.1 Length Measurements................................................................................................. 3.2 The Average and the Standard Deviation.................................................................. 3.3 Mutants with Deviated Hook Length ........................................................................ 4 A Ruler Protein SctP/FliK................................................................................................... 4.1 Ruler ........................................................................................................................... 4.2 Two Separate Functions of FliK................................................................................ 4.3 The N-Terminal Region of FliK ................................................................................ 4.4 The Molecular Structure of FliK................................................................................ 4.5 A Model for FliK Function in Length Control ......................................................... 5 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... References ..................................................................................................................................
Abstract The flagellum is a motile organ, and the needle complex is a type III secretion apparatus for pathogenesis. There are more similarities than differences between the two structures at the molecular level. Here I focus on the hook and the needle and discuss their length control mechanism. The hook is a substructure of the flagellum and the needle is a part of the needle complex. Both structures are tubular structures that have a central channel for protein secretion. Their lengths are controlled by an intriguing mechanism involving a ruler protein and a switchable gate of the protein secretion system. A model for length control is proposed.
S.-I. Aizawa (&) Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2019_169 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
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S.-I. Aizawa
1 Introduction Flagellum is a motile apparatus (Macnab 2003; Aizawa 2013, 2014), and the needle is used in path
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