Pathological angiogenesis and inflammation in tissues
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Online ISSN 1976-3786 Print ISSN 0253-6269
REVIEW
Pathological angiogenesis and inflammation in tissues Ji‑Hak Jeong1,2 · Uttam Ojha1 · You Mie Lee1,2
Received: 27 August 2020 / Accepted: 13 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The role of angiogenesis in the growth of organs and tumors is widely recognized. Vascular–organ interaction is a key mechanism and a concept that enables an understanding of all biological phenomena and normal physiology that is essential for human survival under pathological conditions. Recently, vascular endothelial cells have been classified as a type of innate immune cells that are dependent on the pathological situations. Moreover, inflammatory cytokines and signaling regulators activated upon exposure to infection or various stresses play crucial roles in the pathological function of parenchymal cells, peripheral immune cells, stromal cells, and cancer cells in tissues. Therefore, vascular–organ interactions as a vascular microenvironment or tissue microenvironment under physiological and pathological conditions are gaining popularity as an interesting research topic. Here, we review vascular contribution as a major factor in microenvironment homeostasis in the pathogenesis of normal as well as cancerous tissues. Furthermore, we suggest that the normalization strategy of pathological angiogenesis could be a promising therapeutic target for various diseases, including cancer.
Ji-Hak Jeong and Uttam Ojha equally contributed to this work. * You Mie Lee [email protected] 1
College of Pharmacy, Vessel‑Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE, MRC), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
2
College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
Keywords Vascular endothelial cells · Angiogenesis · Vascular abnormality · Inflammation · Vascular normalization · Anti-angiogenic therapy · Organ diseases
Introduction Endothelial cells (ECs) that line the capillary blood vessels in the tissues form numerous networks in the body. Most of the vascular growth is mediated by angiogenesis that is involved in EC proliferation, migration and maturation (Eelen et al. 2018). The formation of vasculature is optimized by the subsequent remodeling and comprises arteries, veins, and capillary beds. Moreover, the vascular network has a well-established function of delivering oxygen, nutrients, hormones, metabolites, and cells as well as regulation of the coagulation processes. In addition to the conventional functions, increasing evidence has indicated that they perform other physiological functions, such as gatekeeping of immune responses (Shetty et al. 2018) and active contribution to the growth or maintenance of the homeostasis in tissue repair or regeneration in the surrounding tissue (Rafii et al. 2016). In the development, tissue-derived signals induce angiogenesis, and ECs release growth factors or directly control or contribute to organ morphogenesis (Ramasamy et al. 2015; Zhu et al.
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