Chronic Inflammation in Mucosal Tissues: Barrier Integrity, Inducible Lymphoid Tissues, and Immune Surveillance

An interesting phenomenon of chronic inflammation is that the associated cytokines can simultaneously promote inflammatory cell recruitment and tissue pathology as well as tissue regeneration and development of inducible organized lymphoid tissues (tertia

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Introduction.......................................................................................................................... Chronic Inflammation and Tertiary Lymphoid Organs ...................................................... Cell—Cytokine Interactions in TLO Formation................................................................. Customized Stromal Cells and Immune Surveillance: Intestinal M Cells......................... Airways: Chronic Inflammation and Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissues ................ Inducible Lymphoid Structure in the Intestine: TLO Versus ILF ..................................... TLO: Are They Protective?................................................................................................. Mucosal Epithelium Barrier Function and Immune Surveillance ...................................... Mucosal Barrier Versus Protective Immunity—Barriers, Immunity, and Inflammation................................................................................................................. Bibliography...............................................................................................................................

Abstract An interesting phenomenon of chronic inflammation is that the associated cytokines can simultaneously promote inflammatory cell recruitment and tissue pathology as well as tissue regeneration and development of inducible organized lymphoid tissues (tertiary lymphoid organs or TLO), demonstrating the remarkable dynamics of the immune interactions with host tissues. In mucosal tissues, chronic immune-mediated inflammation can present a mixed inflammatory pathology including neutrophil infiltrates along with the lymphocytic aggregates. The factors driving this pattern may involve effects on barrier function as well as inducible mechanisms associated with immune surveillance. The relative contribution of these factors may be important in determining the outcome, from resolution to inflammatory stalemate to progressive tissue pathology and destruction. Here, we focus on the specific impact of cytokine-driven inducible lymphoid cells and tissues R. Chakraborty  D. D. Lo (&) Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA e-mail: [email protected] Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2020_208 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

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R. Chakraborty and D. D. Lo

on immune surveillance at mucosal surfaces, including the induction of epithelial M cells. We propose a model of chronic intestinal inflammation to assess the relative contributions of mucosal barrier integrity, M cell transcytosis of luminal microbes, and inducible lymphoid tissues.

1 Introduction Tissue inflammation, which is classically characterized by the recruitment of blood-borne cells from the blood into the tissues, can be categorized into two main histological patterns: acute inflammation versus chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is characte

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