Pattern of Trace Metal Uptake in Pearl Millet as a Result of Application of Organic and Synthetic Fertilizers
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RESEARCH PAPER
Pattern of Trace Metal Uptake in Pearl Millet as a Result of Application of Organic and Synthetic Fertilizers Kinza Wajid1 · Kafeel Ahmad1 · Zafar Iqbal Khan1 · Muhammad Nadeem2 Received: 13 April 2020 / Revised: 9 August 2020 / Accepted: 3 October 2020 © University of Tehran 2020
Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to observe the impact of the application of various fertilizers on the availability of trace metals in different parts of a pearl millet variety (YBS–98). The level of metals in the pearl millet plant (root, shoot, and grains) was analyzed by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA–6300 Shimadzu Japan). Comparing different parts of millet plant Cu (3.4–4.5), Fe (62.8–73.9), Mn (23.8–44.1), Zn (22.4–43.3), Ni (4.9–7.8), and Pb (0.3–0.5) mg/kg were accumulated more in root, while Cd (0.3–1.5) mg/kg was accumulated more in grains. This shows that pearl millet phytostabilizes most of the metals in its root. The level of all metals in the pearl millet plant was within the safe limit suggested by FAO/WHO excluding Cd whose level was above the permissible limit given by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The values of all trace metals and micronutrients were higher in mixed fertilizer treatment followed by poultry manure, cow manure, NPK, and control. The bioaccumulation factor for Mn was highest among all metals, whereas the translocation factor for Cd was greater than 1. The values of pollution load index for all metals in five treatments were found within the safe limit. The values of a health risk index for all metals in all treatments were less than 1 indicating that the manure treated pearl millet grains were free of risk for human consumption. Article Highlights • Synthetic fertilizers and organic manure are used as a soil amender to enhance the mineral status of soil • The interactive use of synthetic and organic fertilizers enhanced the uptake of metals in pearl millet • The values of all metals in pearl millet were found within their permissible limit given by FAO/WHO except for
the Cd
• Bioaccumulation factor for Mn, Zn, Fe and Cd in all treatments was greater than 1, indicated higher transfer of
these metals from soil to pearl millet plant
• The health risk index for all metals was less than 1, indicated that the consumption of fertilizers treated pearl
millet grains is free of risk to consumers
Keywords Bioaccumulation factor · Trace metal · Translocation factor · Pennisetum glaucum * Kinza Wajid [email protected]
Introduction
Kafeel Ahmad [email protected]
Application of livestock manure, chemical fertilizers, mining products or tailings, pesticides, sewage sludge, and municipal wastewater cause accumulation of trace metals in soil (Ahmad et al. 2019; Huma et al. 2019). The background levels of metals in soil are mainly based on the geological characteristics of soils. However, various agricultural practices also cause the accumulation of trace metals in soil (Khan et al. 2019a, b, c). Trace metals enter into the soil by application of organic manure (poul
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