PCSK9 regulates pyroptosis via mtDNA damage in chronic myocardial ischemia
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
PCSK9 regulates pyroptosis via mtDNA damage in chronic myocardial ischemia Xianwei Wang1 · Xiao Li1 · Shijie Liu2 · Anna N. Brickell2 · Jinghang Zhang3 · Zekun Wu1 · Sichang Zhou4 · Zufeng Ding2 Received: 31 July 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and pyroptosis both play important roles in myocardial infarction. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that PCSK9 regulates pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes during chronic myocardial ischemia. Primary cardiomyocytes were isolated from WT and PCSK9−/− mice. HL-1 cardiomyocytes were used to set up PCSK9-deficient (PCSK9−/−) and PCSK9-upregulated ( PCSK9CRISPRa) cardiomyocyte cell line with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout or activation plasmid. Additional studies were performed with chronic myocardial ischemia in WT and P CSK9−/− mice. We observed that PCSK9 initiates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, activates NLRP3 inflammasome signaling (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18), and subsequently induces Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. There was an intense expression of PCSK9 and pyroptosis marker, GSDMD-NT, in the zone bordering the infarct area. PCSK9−/− significantly suppressed expression of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, GSDMD-NT, and LDH release. Furthermore, serum levels of PCSK9, NLPR3 inflammasome signaling, and pyroptosis (GSDMD and LDH release) were significantly elevated in patients with chronic myocardial ischemia as compared to those in age-matched healthy subjects. Human hearts with recent infarcts also showed high expression of PCSK9 and GSDMD-NT in the border zone similar to that in the infarcted mouse heart. These observations provide compelling evidence for the role of PCSK9 in regulating Caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis via mtDNA damage and may qualify pro-inflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis as potential targets to treat PCSK9-related cardiovascular diseases. Keywords PCSK9 · Pyroptosis · NLRP3 inflammasome · Mitochondrial DNA damage · Chronic myocardial ischemia
Introduction Myocardial infarction, caused by chronic myocardial ischemia and hypoxia, remains a leading cause of disability and mortality in the US and is rapidly becoming a major issue worldwide [9]. A long-time postulate is that * Zufeng Ding [email protected] 1
Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
2
Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
3
Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
4
Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
programmed cell death and inflammation play key roles in the development of myocardial infarction [2, 28]. Pyroptosis is a novel form of inflammatory programmed cell death characterized by the caspase-1-dependent formation of pores in the plasma membrane tha
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