Pediatric ENT

In recent years there has been increasing sub-specialization and a rapid expansion of the range of therapies available to pediatric ENT specialists. This concise, up-to-date textbook deals comprehensively with all the practical and theoretical aspects nec

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John M. Graham Glenis K. Scadding Peter D. Bull Editors

Pediatric ENT With 355 Figures and 79 Tables

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Mr. John M. Graham Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital 330 Gray’s Inn Road London WC1X 8DA United Kingdom Dr. Glenis K. Scadding Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital 330 Gray’s Inn Road London WC1X 8DA United Kingdom Mr. Peter D. Bull Sheffield Children’s Hospital Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TH United Kingdom

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007923510

ISBN  978-3-540-33038-7  Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Editor: Marion Philipp, Heidelberg, Germany Desk Editor: Irmela Bohn, Heidelberg, Germany Reproduction, typesetting and production: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig, Germany Cover design: Frido Steinen-Broo, EStudio, Calamar, Spain Printed on acid-free paper 24/3180/YL 5 4 3 2 1 0

Foreword

Children are special! This book is special! Hospitals for sick children were founded in the first decade of the 20th century, and even before. Dedicated nurses and doctors with an interest in children were pioneers in those child-friendly hospitals, although diagnostic and therapeutic techniques were modest. Currently, medical and surgical disciplines cooperate with paramedical professionals and specially trained nurses in the treatment of children. The contribution of professionals with an expertise in biochemistry and biophysics has also become essential, since routine procedures and research are dependent on advanced and advancing technology. The scope of pathologists has broadened to the cellular and subcellular level. Molecular medicine is making progress. Information technology has contributed to the development of disciplines like epidemiology, clinical epidemiology and genetics. Modern imaging techniques produce data pertinent to the anatomy and metabolism of pathological processes. Pediatric otorhinolaryngology has largely benefited from these new technologies and data produced by recent research. Moreover, interdisciplinary teamwork in audiology, vestibular pathology, neuro-otology, speech and hearing disorders, a