Pedoenvironmental indicators of soil in Western Amazonia, Brazil
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Pedoenvironmental indicators of soil in Western Amazonia, Brazil Ivanildo Amorim de Oliveira & Milton César Costa Campos & Diego Silva Siqueira & Ludmila de Freitas & Renato Eleotério de Aquino & Flavio Pereira de Oliveira
Received: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract This study aimed to ascertain what soil attributes may be an indicator of natural and anthropic pedogenic changes in top grassland (TG), low grassland (LG), ecotone zone (EZ), and forest (F) in Western Amazonia. Twenty samples of the diagnostic horizons were collected from the studied pedoenvironments: TG (A 0.0–14 and Bi 0.30–0.66 m); LG (A 0.0–0.15 and Cg1 0.27–0.80 m); EZ (A 0.0–0.15 and Bi 0.32–0.50 m); and forest (F) (A1 0.0–0.15 and Bt1 0.67–0.10 m). Sand, silt, clay, particle density (PD),soil bulk density (BD),saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), exchangeable aluminum (Al3+), potassium (K), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), pH in water and KCl, and organic matter (OM) contents were calculated and submitted to variance analysis. LG is more related to OM and clay than SHC value. These same attributes characterized TG. EZ is highlighted by its higher values and relationship with Al and K. It was concluded that for TG, LG, EZ, and F top soil layers, 28% of natural and anthropic changes can be identified I. A. de Oliveira : L. de Freitas Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Rondônia, Campus Ariquemes, Ariquemes, Rodônia, Brazil M. C. C. Campos (*) : F. P. de Oliveira Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brasil e-mail: [email protected] D. S. Siqueira : R. E. de Aquino Departamento de Solos e Adubos, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil
based on sand, clay, pH in KCl, and OM data; on the other hand, subsurface 23% of determinations can be attributed to pH in H2O, Al, Na, and sand. Keywords Pedoindicators . Soil attribute . Multivariate analysis . Inceptsol . Aqualf . Alfisols
Introduction Soil distribution and behavior information in Amazonian region are mainly based in general surveys. However, it can be affirmed that despite landscape monotony, soil types are quite diverse. Western Amazonia lies over 42.97% of total Amazonian land area from Brazil, so generally this region has a varied physiography, presenting wetlands, dry lands, dense forests, and open forests with palms, bamboos, campinaranas, and various natural field types. According to Freitas et al. (2002), in Southern and Eastern Amazonas, Western Rondônia and, Northern Roraima, natural fields have savannah traits associated to forest mosaic, which are subjected to local soil factors (Campos 2009). One way to determine those variations is by relating them with vegetation patterns and existing relief features that may have an effective effect on soil attribute spatial distribution (Gallant and Wilson 1996; Wysocki et al. 2000; Olive
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