Performance evaluation of a cooperative reputation system for vehicular delay-tolerant networks
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RESEARCH
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Performance evaluation of a cooperative reputation system for vehicular delay-tolerant networks João AFF Dias1, Joel JPC Rodrigues1*, Lei Shu2 and Sana Ullah3
Abstract In the last decade, both scientific community and automotive industry enabled communications among vehicles in different kinds of scenarios proposing different vehicular architectures. Vehicular delay-tolerant networks (VDTNs) were proposed as a solution to overcome some of the issues found in other vehicular architectures, namely, in dispersed regions and emergency scenarios. Most of these issues arise from the unique characteristics of vehicular networks. Contrary to delay-tolerant networks (DTNs), VDTNs place the bundle layer under the network layer in order to simplify the layered architecture and enable communications in sparse regions characterized by long propagation delays, high error rates, and short contact durations. However, such characteristics turn contacts very important in order to exchange as much information as possible between nodes at every contact opportunity. One way to accomplish this goal is to enforce cooperation between network nodes. To promote cooperation among nodes, it is important that nodes share their own resources to deliver messages from others. This can be a very difficult task, if selfish nodes affect the performance of cooperative nodes. This paper studies the performance of a cooperative reputation system that detects, identify, and avoid communications with selfish nodes. Two scenarios were considered across all the experiments enforcing three different routing protocols (First Contact, Spray and Wait, and GeoSpray). For both scenarios, it was shown that reputation mechanisms that punish aggressively selfish nodes contribute to increase the overall network performance. Keywords: Vehicular delay-tolerant networks; Cooperation; Reputation system; Selfish nodes; Simulation; Performance evaluation
1 Introduction Vehicular networks have been emerging as a suitable solution to enable communications in different kind of scenarios using vehicles (i.e., cars, buses, trams, etc.). Several architectures, like vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) [1] and delay-tolerant networks (DTNs) [2], were proposed to solve several issues in such networks. Vehicular delay-tolerant networks (VDTNs) [3] appeared as a breakthrough DTN-based solution that tries to overcome several issues found in other vehicular architectures, such as long delays and sporadic connections. To support communications, VDTNs propose an architecture based on three design principles: (i) an Internet * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã 6201-001, Portugal Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Protocol (IP) over VDTN approach, (ii) an end-to-end, asynchronous, and variable-length bundle-oriented communication; (iii) a separation between control and data planes performing out-of-band-signaling. VDTNs follow a store-carry-and-forward paradigm
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