Performance Evaluation of Four Models for Estimating the Capillary Rise in Wheat Crop Root Zone Considering Shallow Wate
Capillary rise through a shallow water table is a vital source of water transport in the soil moisture movement system. However, field observation of the capillary rise is difficult, nearly impractical, and economically unfeasible. Therefore, dependency o
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Performance Evaluation of Four Models for Estimating the Capillary Rise in Wheat Crop Root Zone Considering Shallow Water Table Arunava Poddar , Navsal Kumar , and Vijay Shankar
29.1 Introduction Root water uptake from shallow water table (SWT ) constitutes an important component of water balance, which is essential to understand the contribution of SWT in managing irrigation systems and optimizing irrigation needs (Poddar et al. 2018b; Kumar et al. 2020b). With the increase in population year by year, the demand of food, drinking water, and water requirement for many other purposes is increasing, of which approximately 80% is required for irrigation purpose (Babajimopoulos et al. 2007; Poddar et al. 2017; Goel et al. 2019; Kumar et al. 2019a). Since water resources are limited and the amount of water used for irrigation is maximum in comparison to other purposes, there is a need to develop and understand an alternative source of water supply for irrigation to have an effective water supply system. Many lysimeter-based studies have stated that crops extract water when required from available SWT (Ayars and Hutmacher 1994). In water-scarce regions, appropriate use of SWT can be of great importance in crop water uptake (Xu et al. 2015; Poddar et al. 2018c). The capillary rise from SWT contributes to restore the soil moisture in the crop root zone lost due to root uptake. (Yang et al. 2000; Loheide and Steven 2008; Wu et al. 2015). Gardner (1958) studied the theoretical solution of the flow equation for the capillary rise from SWT passing through the unsaturated soil profile. Schoeller (1961) A. Poddar (B) · N. Kumar · V. Shankar Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur 177005, Himachal Pradesh, India e-mail: [email protected] N. Kumar e-mail: [email protected] V. Shankar e-mail: [email protected] © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 A. Pandey et al. (eds.), Hydrological Extremes, Water Science and Technology Library 97, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59148-9_29
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recommended an empirical Averianov formula for the estimation of the capillary rise from SWT. McDonald and Harbaugh (1988) used a finite-difference groundwater model MODFLOW with an assumption that evaporation possesses linear variation with SWT depth. Prathapar et al. (1992) defined capillary rise from SWT as the amount of water uptake from an SWT due to evaporation plant transpiration and soil evaporation. Furthermore, the performance of a transient state analytical model (TSAM), a numerical model (NM), and a quasi-steady-state model (QSSAM) was compared with the experimental values and the NM performed satisfactorily. But NM becomes inapplicable in complex conditions as it is inconvenient to have temporal and spatial data and application of analytical models is easy when input data is sparse and uncertain. Jorenush and Sepaskhah (2003) improved the TSAM for estimation of the capillary rise and
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