Performance of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel reinforced with lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Performance of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel reinforced with lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals Yingchao Wang . Shanshan Liu . Qiang Wang . Xin Fu . Pedram Fatehi
Received: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (LCNCs) were produced from old newspapers using the sulfuric acid hydrolysis process, and the product was used in reinforcing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based hydrogel. The lignin content of LCNCs was quantitatively analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and LCNCs had 8–19 wt% lignin located on their surfaces. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the presence of lignin on LCNCs as small globular-like particles/patches. The increase in the lignin content of LCNCs increased the thermal stability and hydrophobicity while decreasing the crystallinity of LCNCs. Moreover, the
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03396-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
effect of LCNC loading (0.1–1 wt%) on the mechanical strength, rheological properties, swelling behavior, morphology, and thermal stability of PVA-based hydrogel was further elucidated. The incorporation of LCNCs in hydrogel at a low dosage improved the swelling behavior of hydrogel. The lignin present on the surface of LCNCs led to enhanced viscoelasticity, increased compressive strength, and improved thermal stability of hydrogel. In addition, the pore size of the hydrogel dropped more significantly (4.26–1.52 lm) with the use of LCNCs containing more lignin. At a low dosage of 0.1 wt%, all studied properties of hydrogels were improved using the LCNC with high lignin content. This study provides a new prospect for the use of lignin-containing CNCs for the production of a high-performance hydrogel.
Y. Wang S. Liu (&) Q. Wang (&) X. Fu State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, China e-mail: [email protected] Q. Wang e-mail: [email protected] Y. Wang P. Fatehi (&) Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada e-mail: [email protected]
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Cellulose
Graphic Abstract
Keywords Cellulose nanocrystal Lignin Newspaper Hydrogel Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Rheology Mechanical properties Thermal stability Abbreviations ONP DP DPH DPL LCNCs LCNC-DP LCNC-DPH LCNC-DPL PVA PVA-LCNC PVA-LCNCDP PVA-LCNCDPH PVA-LCNCDPL
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Old newspaper Deinked pulp Deinked pulp with high lignin content Deinked pulp with low lignin content Lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals LCNC prepared from DP LCNC prepared from DPH LCNC prepared from DPL Polyvinyl alcohol LCNC reinforced PVA hydrogel LCNC-DP reinforced PVA hydrogel LCNC-DPH reinforced PVA hydrogel LCNC-DPL reinforced PVA hyd
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