Performing under pressure: esterification activity of dry fermented solids in subcritical and supercritical CO 2
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Performing under pressure: esterification activity of dry fermented solids in subcritical and supercritical CO2 Dominicky Cristina Serrano . Marcos Lu´cio Corazza . David Alexander Mitchell . Nadia Krieger
Received: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Objective Lipases are often used in immobilized form, but commercial immobilized lipases are costly. An alternative is to produce lipases in solid-state fermentation, dry the solids and then use the ‘‘dry fermented solids’’ (DFS) directly. We produced DFS by growing Burkholderia contaminans on a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and sunflower seed meal and used the DFS to esterify oleic acid with ethanol in subcritical and supercritical CO2 at 40 °C. Results Compared to a control without CO2 at atmospheric pressure, subcritical CO2 at 30 bar
D. C. Serrano M. L. Corazza D. A. Mitchell N. Krieger (&) Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Parana´, P.O. Box 19011, Central Polytechnic, Curitiba, Parana´ 81531-980, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] M. L. Corazza Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Parana´, P.O. Box 19011, Central Polytechnic, Curitiba, Parana´ 81531-980, Brazil D. A. Mitchell Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Parana´, P.O. Box 19046, Central Polytechnic, Curitiba, Parana´ 81531-980, Brazil N. Krieger Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Parana´, P.O. Box 19061, Central Polytechnic, Curitiba, Parana´ 81531-980, Brazil
improved esterification activity 1.2-fold. Higher pressures, including supercritical pressures up to 150 bar, reduced activity to less than 80% of the control. At 30 bar, the esterification activity was improved a further 1.8-fold with the addition of 9% water (i.e. 9 g water per 100 g oleic acid) to the reaction medium. Conclusion A subcritical CO2 atmosphere, with the addition of a small amount of water, improved the esterification activity of DFS containing lipases of Burkholderia contaminans. Keywords Lipases Burkholderia contaminans Solid-state fermentation Subcritical carbon dioxide Supercritical carbon dioxide Ethyl oleate
Introduction Lipases (triacylglycerol ester hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze various reactions of commercial interest (Sarmah et al. 2018). They are often immobilized, allowing them to be separated easily from the reaction medium and reused. Commercial immobilized lipases are often used to produce high-value products, such as intermediates for the synthesis of chiral drugs. However, the high costs of these commercial preparations preclude their use in the production of lower-value products such as biodiesel.
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Biotechnol Lett
The costs of immobilized lipases can be lowered by using ‘‘dry fermented solids’’ (DFS). In this case, a lipase-producing microorganism is cultivated by solid-state fermentation and then the fermented solids are dried and added directly to the reaction medium to catalyz
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