Peri-urbanization and sustainability of a groundwater resource
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Peri‑urbanization and sustainability of a groundwater resource Sunardi Sunardi1,3 · Miranti Ariyani2 · Susanti Withaningsih3 · Asep Priyatna Darma1 · Kusnadi Wikarta1 · Parikesit Parikesit3,5 · Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin4 · Oekan S. Abdoellah1,5,6 Received: 27 March 2018 / Accepted: 29 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract In developing countries, such as Indonesia, urbanization equates to industrialization. To actuate rapid economic development, the government generally puts in place strong policies to transform rural into industrialized peri-urban/urban areas. This triggers a number of environmental problems, one of which is the degradation of groundwater resources. This study aimed to investigate whether rural to urban transformation caused such environmental degradation. We selected the Majalaya District, a typical peri-urban area of Bandung Metropolitan, where rapid industrialization, mainly related to the textile industry, is taking place. This research adopted a water balance analysis applied to a shallow groundwater resource, contrasting supply with demand after 9 years of development (2005–2014). Data concerning water supply and demand were collected from relevant stakeholders, except for water consumption by vegetation and agricultural land use. For the latter, GIS and QuickBird image analysis were conducted. The results indicate that the industrial development in Majalaya has caused a groundwater crisis. A nine-year period of fast-growing number of industries has caused water deficit, which was also intensified by the rate of land conversion. Keywords Bandung · Developing countries · Rural to peri-urban transformation · Water resource
1 Introduction The United Nations (2008) projected that the world’s population would become increasingly primarily urban, and that it was likely to continue to urbanize substantially over the coming decades. The report mentioned that, in 2014, close to 3.9 billion people, or 54% of the global population, would live in cities, and by 2050, two-thirds of the global population would be living in cities (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development 2012; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2012). Since cities are regarded * Sunardi Sunardi [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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as already saturated, development typically expands into the countryside around them. As a result, vast areas of countryside have undergone dramatic transformation as part of the process of industrialization and urbanization (Peng et al. 2016). Typically, in developing countries, urbanization equates to industrialization. To actuate rapid economic growth, governments generally promote strong policies to force the transformation of peri-urban into industrialized urban areas. As a result, peri-urban regions have been experiencing rapid economic and social structural change, encompassing a shift from an agricultural-based to a manufacturing-dominated economy (Tian
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