Periodic and Intermittent Fasting in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
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MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN DIABETES (VS ARODA AND L-S CHANG, SECTION EDITORS)
Periodic and Intermittent Fasting in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Annunziata Nancy Crupi 1
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Jonathan Haase 1
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Sebastian Brandhorst 1
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Valter D Longo 1,2
Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death globally. Nutrition plays a central role in CVD risk by affecting aging, adiposity, glycemia, blood pressure, cholesterol, inflammation, and other risk factors and can affect CVD risk not only based on calorie intake and dietary composition but also the timing and range of meals. This review evaluates the effects of fasting, fasting-mimicking diets, and time-restricted eating on the reduction of CVD risk factors and provides initial data on their potential to serve as CVD prevention and treatment therapies. Recent Findings Intermittent fasting (IF), time-restricted eating (TRE), prolonged fasting (PF), and fasting-mimicking diets (FMD) show promise in the reduction of CVD risk factors. Summary Results on IF, TRE, PF, and FMD on CVD risk factors are significant and often independent of weight loss, yet longterm studies on their effect on CVD are still lacking. Coupling periodic and prolonged, or intermittent and more frequent cycles of fasting or fasting-mimicking diets, designed to maximize compliance and minimize side effects, has the potential to play a central role in the prevention and treatment of CVD and metabolic syndrome. Keywords Intermittent fasting . Fasting mimicking diet . Time restricted eating . Cardiometabolic disease . Obesity
Abbreviations CVD Cardiovascular diseases IF Intermittent fasting ADF Alternate day fasting TRE Time-restricted eating PF Prolonged fasting FMD Fasting-mimicking diet TG Triglycerides
TC LDL-C HDL-C WC BP SBP/DBP CR
Total cholesterol Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol High-density lipoprotein cholesterol Waist circumference Blood pressure Systolic/diastolic blood pressure Calorie restriction
Introduction This article is part of the Topical Collection on Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes * Valter D Longo [email protected] 1
Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
2
IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is recognized as the leading cause of death globally, with an estimated annual mortality of 17.9 million, with more than 800,000 deaths occurring in the USA (AHA report 2020) [1, 2]. Four out of five CVD-related deaths are due to heart attacks and strokes, with one third occurring in people < 70 years old [1, 2]. Therefore, CVD prevention by identifying and treating early risk factors for CVD and
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premature deaths is of paramount importance. Metabolic risk factors include high blood pressure (BP), diabetes and hyper
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