Persistent Challenges and Potential Solutions: Equitable TOD
It can be valuable to learn about policy ideas from other cities and regions, but barriers to implementation may still exist. Persistent barriers to TOD include the loss of affordable housing, cost, zoning and other regulatory issues, policy consistency a
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Persistent Challenges and Potential Solutions: Equitable TOD
Abstract It can be valuable to learn about policy ideas from other cities and regions, but barriers to implementation may still exist. Persistent barriers to TOD include the loss of affordable housing, cost, zoning and other regulatory issues, policy consistency and planning coordination, and public opposition. In this chapter, we give examples of challenges and solutions from municipalities other than our 11 case studies, broadening the range of potential policy ideas and concepts that can be used as learning and inspiration. In particular, we focus on the challenge of making TOD equitable, which has been a challenge in many countries in recent years and a key area of policy innovation in the US. These solutions can help address some of the persistent challenges to TOD implementation that we observed both in the international literature and in our workshops with Dutch stakeholders. Keywords Equity • Transportation infrastructure • Affordable housing • Displacement • Policy tools Transit-oriented development is, itself, a policy concept that has become internationally known, emulated, and copied. As we have seen, it can be valuable to learn from other cities and regions, but barriers to implementation may still exist including the culture of organizations, the planning practice in a particular country, the nature of the relationships between institutional actors, or other factors unique to the local context. © The Author(s) 2020 R. Thomas, L. Bertolini, Transit-Oriented Development, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48470-5_4
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R. THOMAS AND L. BERTOLINI
Now that we have presented the results from our 11 case studies and shown how others can learn from them in practice, we would like to reflect on other factors that may play a role in TOD implementation. At the beginning of this book, we discussed a number of barriers to TOD: the loss of affordable housing, cost, zoning and other regulatory issues, policy consistency and planning coordination, and public opposition. Here we continue this discussion, reiterating concerns about TOD which did not emerge in the meta-analysis, potentially because of our choice of cases. This allows us to give examples of challenges and solutions from municipalities other than our 11 case studies, broadening the suite of potential policy ideas and concepts that can be used as learning and inspiration in other cities and regions. In particular, we focus on the challenge of making TOD equitable, which has been a challenge in many countries in recent years and a key area of policy innovation in the US. It is worth noting that a lot of the literature cited in this chapter is from the US, for several reasons. First, the US is a very large country with an extensive network of fixed-route transit (heavy rail, light rail, sometimes also including BRT); therefore, there are abundant examples of TOD implementation in the US. Second, the dominance of the American examples of TOD in the literature is undoubtedly related to our
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