Potential Solutions to Human Factors Challenges in Road Vehicle Automation
Recent research on automated vehicle technologies points to the need to consider drivers’ interactions with road vehicle automation, and to apply Human Factors (HF) principles and guidelines to support timely and safe transfer of control to and from autom
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Abstract Recent research on automated vehicle technologies points to the need to consider drivers’ interactions with road vehicle automation, and to apply Human Factors (HF) principles and guidelines to support timely and safe transfer of control to and from automation. This chapter elaborates on a Human Factors breakout session at the 2015 “Automated Vehicles Symposium” that addressed issues on how humans will interact with automated technologies, particularly considering that a wide variety of designs are either under development or already deployed. A number of key human factors design challenges are outlined including that automation is a cost-benefit trade-off where reduced human performance is a cost; that there are different transfer of control concerns for different levels of automation; that the driver may not provide suitable fallback performance of the dynamic driving task; that the better the automation, the less attention drivers will pay to traffic and the system, and the less capable they will be to resume control; and that the driver may be “out-of-the-loop”—may not monitor the driving environment or be aware of the status of automation. Two suggestions to solve the human factors issues are proposed: (1) to work within given constraints, to design the best we can, according to the given definitions of levels 2 and 3 vehicle automation, or (2) to advise against developing level 3 automation and instead advocate two levels of automation: shared driving wherein the driver understands his/her role to be responsible and in control for driving, and delegated driving in which there is no expectation that the driver will be a fallback for performing the dynamic driving task.
B.D. Seppelt (&) Touchstone Evaluations, Inc., 18160 Mack Avenue, Grosse Pointe, MI 48230, USA e-mail: [email protected] T.W. Victor Volvo Car Corporation, Research & Development, Volvo Cars Safety Centre, Dept 91400, PV22, 405 31 Göteborg, Sweden e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] T.W. Victor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 G. Meyer and S. Beiker (eds.), Road Vehicle Automation 3, Lecture Notes in Mobility, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40503-2_11
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B.D. Seppelt and T.W. Victor
Keywords Automation Human factors Transfer of control Level 3 automation Human-automation interaction Supervised automation Unsupervised automation
1 Introduction There is currently an exceptional rate of research and development on automated vehicles, with many prototype systems at all levels of automation being tested on public roads, and some automated functions already on the market (such as adaptive cruise control with lane centering, or automated parking). Human-related research topics such as the role of the human during automation (e.g. driver in or out of the loop), transfer of control, and the need to design HMIs to support system transparency (e.g., communicating system lim
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