PET/CT and PET/MR Tomographs: Image Acquisition and Processing
Positron emission tomography or PET is a nuclear medicine imaging technique able to measure, in vivo, the local concentration of a tracer labeled with a positron (β+)-emitting radioisotope (radiotracer or radiopharmaceutical).
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PET/CT and PET/MR Tomographs: Image Acquisition and Processing Nicola Belcari, Ronald Boellaard, and Matteo Morrocchi
Contents 9.1 P hysical Principles of PET 9.1.1 Positron Emission 9.1.2 Annihilation of the Positron
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9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4
adiation Detectors for PET and PET/MR R Scintillation Detectors Photomultiplier Tube The Block Detector Solid-State Photodetectors
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9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6
he PET System T Coincidence Detection Data Acquisition System Geometry of a PET System From 2D to 3D PET Spatial Resolution Issues: Physical Limitations and Technological Aspects Noise in PET Events
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9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4
I mage Reconstruction and Processing with PET/CT and PET/MR Data Representation Data Correction: Normalization, Random, Scatter, and Attenuation Corrections Time-of-Flight PET Image Reconstruction
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9.5 9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3
ET/CT and PET/MR Clinical Scanners: State of the Art P Hybrid Imaging PET/CT Instrumentation PET/MR Hybrid Systems
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9.6 9.6.1 9.6.2 9.6.3
ET/CT and PET/MR Quantification P Technical Aspects Concerning in Particular Attenuation Correction Factors Affecting PET/CT and PET/MR Quantification Methods and Metrics for PET/CT and PET/MR Quantification
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References
Learning Objectives
• To understand the physical principles of positron emission tomography. • To build up the competence to describe the main components of radiation detectors used in PET. N. Belcari (*) · M. Morrocchi Department of Physics “E. Fermi”, University of Pisa and INFN, Pisa, Italy e-mail: [email protected] R. Boellaard Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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• To acquire the knowledge of the working principles of the PET system and to understand its limitations in terms of spatial resolution and noise. • To be able to understand the steps of normalization and correction of PET data and to introduce the concept of PET image reconstruction. • To become acquainted with the current state of the art in PET/CT and PET/MR imaging and to understand advantages and limitations. • To understand the concept of quantitative imaging and describe the factors affecting quantification of PET/CT and PET/MR images.
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 D. Volterrani et al. (eds.), Nuclear Medicine Textbook, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95564-3_9
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9.1
N. Belcari et al.
Physical Principles of PET
Positron emission tomography or PET is a nuclear medicine imaging technique able to measure, in vivo, the local concentration of a tracer labeled with a positron (β+)-emitting radioisotope (radiotracer or radiopharmaceutical). Before acquiring a PET scan, the radiotracer is injected into the patient and spreads physiologically within the body. The radiotracer concentration, which provides an insight
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