Pharmaceutical Microscopy

Microscopy plays an integral role in the research and development of new medicines. Pharmaceutical Microscopy describes a wide variety of  techniques together with numerous practical  applications of importance in drug development. The firs

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Robert Allen Carlton

Pharmaceutical Microscopy

Robert Allen Carlton Senior Scientific Investigator GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Physical Properties 709 Swedeland Road King of Prussia, PA 19406 USA [email protected]

ISBN 978-1-4419-8830-0 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-8831-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8831-7 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011925544 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

A simple glance at the table of contents demonstrates the breadth of microscopy techniques applied to pharmaceutical microscopy. We range from simple stereomicroscopy to polarized light microscopy, and from electron microscopy to IR and Raman spectroscopy. This can be an intimidating set of techniques and instruments to attempt to learn and to use in just a cursory fashion, much less to become expert in use and interpretation. I am fortunate to have been given the opportunity to learn to use all of these techniques over my career. I began microscopy by measuring glass fibers on a projection microscope in a closet and have moved from there to all of the techniques listed in this book. I did the majority of my education part time after I started in industry and have consciously directed my academic studies toward industrial microscopy. My doctorate is in chemistry (physical) and my dissertation covered quantitative analysis using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry in the environmental scanning electron microscope. I am fortunate to have had supportive managers as well as supportive academic advisors. I learned optical microscopy from McCrone Research Institute, from listening to talks by industrial microscopists, from reading microscopy works, and by long hours with eyes applied to eyepieces. Walter McCrone’s courses and conferences are what helped me decide that my goal was to become a chemical microscopist. Skip Palenik and John Delly were the two microscopists I most admired, but I must say that there were so many fine industrial microscopists working in the 1980s. I use the past tense because industrial specialization in science is not as common today as it was then. I think we have lost something important but such opinions may be tilting at windmills.