Pharmaceutical Potential and Phenolics Profiling of Leaves and Bark of Calotropis Procera in Relation to Extraction Solv
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Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, September, 2020 (Russian Original Vol. 54, No. 6, June, 2020)
PHARMACEUTICAL POTENTIAL AND PHENOLICS PROFILING OF LEAVES AND BARK OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA IN RELATION TO EXTRACTION SOLVENTS Tahir Mehmood,1,2,* Hina Arshad,1 Sadia Nawaz,2 Azmat Ullah,3 Aneeza Hafeez,4 Farooq Anwar,1 Muhammad Mushtaq Ahmad,5 and Mudassir Iqbal6,* Original article submitted November 10, 2019. This study appraises pharmaceutical potential and phenolics profiling of various solvent extracts gained from bark and leaves of Calotropis procera plant. The extracts were obtained using various solvents including CH3OH, C4H8O2, CHCl3 (50 and 100% for each) and H2O. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant potential, antibacterial, antianti-glycation and anti-inflammatory activities. The yield of extracts ranged from 5.61 to 48.16% of dry weight (DW) for different extraction solvents. The highest percentage extract yield was obtained with 100% CH3OH from leaves. Various solvent extracts from C. procera leaves and bark exhibited considerable total phenolic content (20.41 to 100.18 GAE mg/g DW and total flavonoid content (IC50 18.33 to 92.92 CE mg/g DW), radical scavenging activity (1.03 to 7.42 mg/mL) and reducing power (EC50 525.65 to 1157.74 mg/mL). The tested extracts showed notable antibacterial potential against bacterial strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. The maximum antioxidant and antibacterial activities were exhibited by methanol extracts from both tested parts of C. procera plant. However, the anti-inflammatory activity (45.45% inhibition) was observed to be higher for 50% chloroform extract from the leaves. HPLC analysis established that the leaves and bark of C. procera contained considerable amounts of natural antioxidants such as sinapic acid (17.3 ± 2.11 to 9586.44 ± 0.78 mg kg-1), vanillic acid (9.43 ± 0.21 to 5051.7 ± 18.47 mg kg-1) and protocatechuic acid (2.46 ± 0.40 to 139.05 ± 1.37 mg kg-1). All extracts from the tested materials did not exhibit significant anti-glycation activity. Generally, the extracts from leaves of C. procera offered higher levels of phenolic acids and biological activities than the bark extracts. Keywords: Calotropis procera; natural antioxidant; HPLC; phenolic acids; antibacterial; anti-inflammatory; antiglycation.
1. INTRODUCTION
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In the traditional medicinal systems of various civilizations, selected plants and herbs have been employed as natural healers to treat various ailments and/or improve health conditions [1, 2]. Plant based products are of great interest as they are natural sources of secured and less toxic substitutes to synthetically produced substances. In recent era, there is greater interest in medicinal plant research worldwide with more focus on appraisal of scientific evidence to immense potential of medicinal plants used in various pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications [3, 4]. Several studies indicated new prospects of plant based natural prod
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