Ziziphus joazeir o, a Saponin-Rich Brazilian Medicinal Plant: Pharmacognostic Characterization of Bark and Leaves
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ziziphus joazeiro, a Saponin-Rich Brazilian Medicinal Plant: Pharmacognostic Characterization of Bark and Leaves Alan Menezes do Nascimento 1 & Thamirys Silva da Fonseca 1 & Mariana Freire Campos 2 & Lilian Oliveira Moreira 1 & Carlos A. Marques 3 & Eliana S. Tavares 4 & Simony Carvalho Mendonça 5 Gilda Guimarães Leitão 5 & Rosineide Costa Simas 1,6 & Suzana Guimarães Leitão 1
&
Received: 29 May 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2020
Abstract Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., Rhamnaceae, is a plant native to northeast Brazil where it is known as “juazeiro.” Its bark, rich in saponins, is widely utilized in folk medicine and as a supply to produce cosmetics. Aiming at the preservation of the species and the search for an alternative vegetal raw material, the phytochemical profiles of bark and leaves were compared by chemical techniques. The foaming index and gravimetric studies indicated that, in general, bark values were approximately twice than those of the leaves. The same occurred with the hemolysis indexes. Extracts were dereplicated by liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to mass spectrometry analyses using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source, which indicated that at least 5 saponins were common to all bark and leaf samples. The direct infusion high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses revealed at least 44 different saponins distributed between the bark and leaves of the analyzed plant, of which 40 were described for the first time. The data showed that there were similarities between the studied plant organs as demonstrated by mass spectrometry, foaming index, and hemolysis indexes. Therefore, with the application of a suitable standardization procedure the leaves could be a promising source for obtaining “juazeiro-type” saponins. Keywords Cleansing skin . Dereplication . Dammarane saponins . Foaming index . Hemolysis index . Natural cosmetics
Introduction Supplementary Information The online version of this article (https:// doi.org/10.1007/s43450-020-00109-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Suzana Guimarães Leitão [email protected] 1
Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco A, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
2
Programa de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
3
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Nilópolis, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
4
Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
5
Instituto de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CSS, Bloco H, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
6
Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, IQ1, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., Rhamnaceae, is one of the most used plants in Brazilian northeastern folk medicine and known as “juazeiro.” The aerial parts, r
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