Philosophy Of Chemistry Synthesis of a New Discipline

This comprehensive volume marks a new standard in scholarship in the still emerging field of the philosophy of chemistry. With selections drawn from a wide range of scholarly disciplines, philosophers, chemists, and historians of science here converge to

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BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Editors

ROBERT S. COHEN, Boston University ¨ JURGEN RENN, Max-Planck-Institute for the History of Science KOSTAS GAVROGLU, University of Athens

Editorial Advisory Board THOMAS F. GLICK, Boston University ¨ ADOLF GRUNBAUM, University of Pittsburgh SYLVAN S. SCHWEBER, Brandeis University JOHN J. STACHEL, Boston University MARX W. WARTOFSKY†, (Editor 1960–1997)

VOLUME 242

PHILOSOPHY OF CHEMISTRY Synthesis of a New Discipline Edited by

DAVIS BAIRD University of South Carolina

ERIC SCERRI University of California at Los Angeles

and

LEE MCINTYRE Boston University

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-10 1-4020-3256-0 (HB) Springer ISBN-10 1-4020-3261-7 (e-book) Springer ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3256-1 (HB) Springer ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3261-5 (e-book) Springer

Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved  C 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.

CONTENTS

I. CHEMISTRY AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF CHEMISTRY 1. “Introduction: The Invisibility of Chemistry” Davis Baird, Eric Scerri, Lee McIntyre 2. “The Philosophy of Chemistry: From Infancy Toward Maturity” Joachim Schummer

3

19

II. CHEMISTRY AND THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 3. “Aristotle’s Theory of Chemical Reaction and Chemical Substances” Paul Needham 4. “Kant’s Legacy for the Philosophy of Chemistry” J. van Brakel, K.U. Leuven

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69

III. CHEMISTRY AND CURRENT PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 5. “The Conceptual Structure of the Sciences: Reemergence of the Human Dimension” Otto Theodor Benfey 6. “Normative and Descriptive Philosophy of Science and the Role of Chemistry” Eric R. Scerri

v

95

119

vi

CONTENTS

7. “How Classical Models of Explanation Fail to Cope with Chemistry—The Case of Molecular Modeling” Johannes Hunger 8. “Professional Ethics in Science” Jeffrey Kovac

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157

IV. CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 9. “Is There Downward Causation in Chemistry?” Robin Findlay Hendry 10. “Physics in the Crucible of Chemistry: Ontological Boundaries and Epistemological Blueprints” G.K. Vemulapalli

173

191

V. CHEMICAL THEORY AND FOUNDATIONAL QUESTIONS 11. “Some Philosophical Implications of Chemical Symmetry” Joseph E. Earley 12. “The Periodic Systems of Molecules: Presuppositions, Problems and Prospects” Ray Hefferlin 13. “A New Paradigm for Schr¨odinger and Kohn” Jack R. Woodyard

207

221

245

VI. CHEMISTRY AND ITS TOOLS OF REPRESENTATION 14. “Virtual Tools: The Epistemological and Social Issues of Computer-Aided Chemical Process Design” Ann Johnson

273

15. “Space in Molecular Representation;