Photobiomodulation of avian embryos by red laser
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Photobiomodulation of avian embryos by red laser A. El-Hussein, 1,2
&
M. R. Hamblin 3,4,5 & A. Saad 6 & M. A. Harith 1
Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The current research focuses on the effect of variable doses of red laser on the chick embryonic development. He-Ne laser of 632nm wavelength was used as an irradiation source in the first 48 h post-laying of chicken eggs. We have used five different doses: 2, 1, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 mJ/cm2 that needed a time range for about 400–20 s. Those irradiated embryos were left for additional 11 days for incubation in normal conditions, where they are blindly studied after the 11th day. Light microscopy was used in this study to investigate the histological and pathological features of the different experimental groups compared to the control one. However, electron microcopy was utilized to trace the apoptotic distribution in the developmental embryos. Minor abnormalities that are dependent on the laser dose have been shown in the irradiated embryos when compared to the sham group, where the highest laser dose showed about 12% embryonic development anomalies when related to the other irradiated groups. Irradiated embryos were found to express more INF-γ and IL-2 as circulating cytokines relative to the unexposed group, where the levels of IL-2 were highly significantly increased by all laser doses (0.3 mJ/cm2 light dose recipient group showed significant increase only when compared to the control group). IFN-γ levels were significantly increased as well by light doses above 0.2 mJ/cm2. This IFN-γ increase trend seemed to be laser dose-dependent. Simultaneously, these combined results propose the ability of high laser doses in inducing incurable changes in the embryonic development and consequently such alterations can have potential therapeutic applications through what is known as photobiomodulation. Keywords Red laser . Photobiomodulation . Chicken eggs . Cytokines . Apoptosis
Introduction Low-intensity laser irradiation, like sunlight, has unique properties that can influence biological actions under certain conditions [1]. Recently, laser has been used for many applications, including as spectroscopic and diagnostic tools, and as a medical treatment called photobiomodulation (PBM) [2, 3]. PBM is * A. El-Hussein, [email protected] 1
The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
2
Faculty of advanced basic science, Galala University, suez, Egypt
3
Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114 Boston, USA
4
Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115 Boston, USA
5
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MA 02139 Cambridge, USA
6
Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
now successfully used for many diseases and disorders. Toxic levels of reactive oxygen species can be generated by high levels visible light of the correct wavelength, while low
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