Photocatalytic and biodegradation treatments of paracetamol: investigation of the in vivo toxicity
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Photocatalytic and biodegradation treatments of paracetamol: investigation of the in vivo toxicity Ikram Rouibah 1,2 & Wafa Hassen 1 & Ons Fekih Sallem 1 & Nabila Khellaf 2 & Abdennaceur Hassen 3 & Hedi Ben Mansour 1 Received: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Medicines and drugs consumption by all populations of the world can be expected to result in the contamination of the environment since 30–90% of residual drugs will be found into wastewaters. In this study, we investigate the degradation of acetaminophen, selected as a xenobiotic model molecule, via two separate procedures, the TiO2 impregnated on cellulosic paper photocatalysis, and specific bacterial biodegradation process. Results showed that for initial drug content of 400 mg/L and after 5 hours of processing, around 85% of paracetamol was photocatalytically degraded. The use of Pseudomonas putida E1.21 isolate allowed an abatement of around 92% after 32 h of processing. The acetaminophen toxicity conducted in vivo on laboratory mice showed a net decrease of the creatinine release and enzymes activities like ALP, ALT, AST, and LDH decreased significantly (p < 0.05) when mice were treated distinctly by acetaminophen treated with UV/TiO2 and the Pseudomonas putida E1.21 strain compared with the control experiments. CAT, MDA, and AchE serum level disruption measurement indicated a serious affection of the mice antioxidant system. These results were found to be in correlation with the ones of the histological analysis of the liver and kidney. Keywords Acetaminophen . Photocatalysis . Biodegradation . Toxicity . In vivo
Introduction Pharmaceuticals used for therapeutic and preventive purposes for both humans and animals led to the generation of great pollution affecting different natural ecosystems. This pollution emitted by the pharmaceutical industries, hospital wastes, and urban wastewaters is continuously introduced into the aquatic environment that it has considerably attracted a lot of attention from the international scientific community
Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi * Hedi Ben Mansour [email protected] 1
Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied on the Environment-APAE UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia (ISSAT), University of Monastir, 5100 Mahdia, Tunisia
2
Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
3
Laboratory of Treatment and Wastewater Valorization, Centre of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Techno Park of Borj-Cedria, 8020 Tunis, Tunisia
(Zhang et al. 2013; Nikolaou et al. 2007). Based on an analysis of several studies, residues of pharmaceutical products have been detected in different compartments of the environment at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 μg/L for wastewaters, 10–100 ng/L for surface waters, 1 ng/L for drinking waters, 110–980 ng/L for underground waters, and < 1 μg/L for estuarine and coastal waters
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