Photocatalytic performance improvement by utilizing GO_MWCNTs hybrid solution on sand/ZnO/TiO 2 -based photocatalysts to
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Photocatalytic performance improvement by utilizing GO_MWCNTs hybrid solution on sand/ZnO/TiO2-based photocatalysts to degrade methylene blue dye Nur Jannah Idris 1,2 & Suriani Abu Bakar 1,2 & Azmi Mohamed 1,3 & Muqoyyanah Muqoyyanah 1,2 & Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman 4 & Mohamad Hafiz Mamat 5 & Mohd Khairul Ahmad 6 & Muhammad Danang Birowosuto 7 & Tetsuo Soga 8 Received: 20 April 2020 / Accepted: 16 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this work, sand/zinc oxide (ZnO)/titanium dioxide (TiO2)–based photocatalysts were hybridized with graphene oxide (GO) and GO_multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) hybrid solution. The novel hybrid was then used in photocatalysis to degrade dye contamination. The nanocomposite photocatalyst was initially fabricated by growing ZnO nanorods (NRs) via sol–gel immersion followed by synthesizing TiO2 NRs for different times (5 and 20 h) using a hydrothermal method on sand as a substrate. Prior to the hybridization, the initial GO was synthesized using electrochemical exfoliation and further mixed with 1 wt% MWCNTs to form GO_MWCNTs hybrid solution. The synthesized GO and GO_MWCNTs hybrid solution were then incorporated onto sand/ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite–based photocatalysts through immersion. Various sand/ZnO/TiO2-based photocatalysts were then tested for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation within 3 days. On the basis of UV-Vis measurement, the highest MB degradation was achieved by using sand/ZnO NRs/TiO2 NRs (5 h)/GO_MWCNTs (92.60%). The high surface area and high electrical conductivity of GO_MWCNTs prolonged the lifetime of electron/hole separation and thus enhanced the photocatalytic performance. Keywords Sand . ZnO . TiO2 . GO_MWCNTs . Photocatalysis . Dye
Introduction Nowadays, clean water sources are limited due to the pollution from industries which release waste disposal into fresh
water sources without proper treatment. Textile wastewater contains various heavy metals and non-biodegradable organic dyes, which pose a serious problem for human health and the environment (Saravanan et al. 2017). Furthermore, most
Responsible Editor: Sami Rtimi * Suriani Abu Bakar [email protected] 1
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Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia
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Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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NANO-ElecTronic Centre (NET), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Microelectronic and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre (MiNT-SRC), Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit
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