Photocatalytic Semiconductors Synthesis, Characterization, and Envir

This critical volume examines the different methods used for the synthesis of a great number of photocatalysts, including TiO2, ZnO, and other modified semiconductors, as well as characterization techniques used for determining the optical, structural and

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tocatalytic Semiconductors Synthesis, Characterization, and Environmental Applications

Photocatalytic Semiconductors

Aracely Herna´ndez-Ramı´rez Iliana Medina-Ramı´rez Editors

Photocatalytic Semiconductors Synthesis, Characterization, and Environmental Applications

Editors Aracely Herna´ndez-Ramı´rez Facultad de Ciencias Quı´micas Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Cd. Universitaria. C.P. 66450 San Nicola´s de los Garza, N.L. Me´xico

Iliana Medina-Ramı´rez Departamento de Quı´mica Universidad Aut onoma de Aguascalientes Ciudad Universitaria. C.P. 20131 Aguascalientes, Ags. Me´xico

ISBN 978-3-319-10998-5 ISBN 978-3-319-10999-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-10999-2 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014955057 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

The frequent incidence of hazardous chemicals in wastewater produced by anthropogenic and industrial activities is of great concern because these pollutants contaminate lakes, rivers, and underground aquifers; furthermore, currently more pollutants, including traces of contaminants ranging from pharmaceutical drugs, hormones, and sunscreen to pesticides and dyes, are being detected at smalle