Photoelectron holography of the H 2 + molecule
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THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D
Regular Article
Photoelectron holography of the H+ 2 molecule Gell´ert Zsolt Kiss1,2,3,a , S´ andor Borb´ely3 , Attila T´oth4 , and Ladislau Nagy3 1 2
3 4
Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest H-1121, Hungary National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 61-103, Cluj-Napoca Ro-400293, Romania Faculty of Physics, Babe¸s-Bolyai University, Kog˘ alniceanu 1, Cluj-Napoca Ro-400084, Romania ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-profit Ltd., Dugonics t´er 13, Szeged H-6720, Hungary Received 30 May 2019 / Received in final form 28 February 2020 Published online 18 June 2020 c The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract. We investigate the photoelectron spectrum of the H+ 2 target induced by few-cycle XUV laser pulses using first principle calculations. In the photoelectron spectrum, by performing calculations for different internuclear separations, we investigate how the structure of the target is influencing the spatial interference pattern. This interference pattern is created by the coherent superposition of electronic wave packets emitted at the same time, but following different paths. We find that the location of the interference minima in the spectra is dominantly determined by the target’s ionization energy, however, by comparing the H+ 2 results with model calculations with spherically symmetric potentials, clear differences were observed for the molecular potential relative to the central potentials. Next to the main feature (spatial interference) we have also identified the traces of the two-center interference in the photoelectron spectrum, however, these were mainly washed out due to the complex electronic wave packet dynamics that occurs during the interaction with the considered laser field.
1 Introduction As in the case of its optical analogy [1], the electron holography [2] captures both the phase and amplitude information of the electron wave packets (EWPs) scattered by the target, which is achieved by the interference between the scattered and a reference wave. In traditional electron holography the electron wave packets are created by the electron gun of an electron microscope and manipulated by imaging elements [2,3]. In contrast, in photoelectron holography the EWPs are created via the ionization of the target by an intense ultrashort laser pulse, and are manipulated by the electric field of the same laser pulse. Compared to the traditional electron holography, photoelectron holography is a relatively new technique. The first experimental observation of a photoelectron hologram [4] dates back only a few years, and in order to become a mature experimental technique, a detailed understanding of the underlying processes is required. The formation of the photoelectron holograms can also be interpreted as a secondary process following the primary ionization of a target induced by an ultrashort laser pulse, which modulates the photoelectron momentum distribution. These modulations are
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