Phylogeny and systematics of the Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936 (Digenea: Diplostomoidea) reflect the complex evoluti

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Phylogeny and systematics of the Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936 (Digenea: Diplostomoidea) reflect the complex evolutionary history of the ancient digenean group Vasyl V. Tkach . Tyler J. Achatz . Eric E. Pulis . Kerstin Junker . Scott D. Snyder . Jeffrey A. Bell . Ali Halajian . Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos Melo

Received: 27 June 2020 / Accepted: 12 July 2020  Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract The Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936 is a relatively small family of diplostomoidean digeneans parasitising the intestines of reptilian hosts associated with freshwater environments in tropical This article was registered in the Official Register of Zoological Nomenclature (ZooBank) as urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C7731 46C-F377-4C30-A73A-318D21119F9C. This article was published as an Online First article on the online publication date shown on this page. The article should be cited by using the doi number. This is the Version of Record. This article is part of the Topical Collection Digenea

Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-020-09928-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. V. V. Tkach (&)  T. J. Achatz  J. A. Bell Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA e-mail: [email protected] E. E. Pulis Department of Science and Mathematics, Northern State University, Aberdeen, South Dakota 57401, USA K. Junker Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa

and subtropical regions. The greatest diversity of proterodiplostomids is found in crocodilians, although some parasitise snakes and turtles. According to the most recent revision, the Proterodiplostomidae included 17 genera within 5 subfamilies. Despite the complex taxonomic structure of the family, availability of testable morphology-based phylogenetic hypotheses and ancient hosts, molecular phylogenetic analyses of the group were practically lacking. Herein, we use novel DNA sequence data of the nuclear lsrRNA gene and mitochondrial cox1 gene from a broad range of proterodiplostomid taxa obtained from crocodilian, fish, and snake hosts on four continents to test the monophyly of the family and evaluate the present morphology-based classification system of the Proterodiplostomidae in comparison with the

A. Halajian DSI-NRF SARChI Chair (Ecosystem Health), Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa F. T. de Vasconcelos Melo Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology ‘‘Prof. Dr. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi’’, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para´, Bele´m, PA, Brazil

S. D. Snyder College of Science and Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA

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molecular phylogeny. This first detailed phylogeny for the Proterodiplostomidae challenges the current systematic framework. Combination of m