Physical and chemical properties of Camellia oleifera shell composts with different additives and its maturity evaluatio
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Physical and chemical properties of Camellia oleifera shell composts with different additives and its maturity evaluation system Jinping Zhang 1 & Yue Ying 1 & Xuebin Li 1 & Xiaohua Yao 1 Received: 24 July 2019 / Accepted: 23 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The effects of different additives on the compost of Camellia oleifera shell were characterized and a maturity evaluation system for the obtained compost was established. Four treatments were designed as C. oleifera shell with C. oleifera seed meal (A1), with C. oleifera seed cake (A2), with sheep manure (A3), and with spent mushroom substrate (A4). A3 had the longest thermophilic phase (over 50 °C) and shortest cooling phase. Compared with A1, the thermophilic phase of A2 was postponed 11 days due to the high lipid content, but terminated almost at the same time. The temperature of A4 increased slowly and took longer time to reach ambient. C/N, pH, E4/E6, and NH4+-N decreased along with composting process, while TN, GI, and NO3−N were opposite. Based on the Pearson correlation analysis with the Solvita maturity index as a reference, the result indicated that TN, C/N, GI, NH4+-N, and pH can be used for the maturity evaluation. Keywords C. oleifera Abel . By-product . Co-composting . Additives . Maturity indices . Changes
Introduction Camellia oleifera Abel, a small evergreen tree in the family Theaceae, distributed in the Yangtze River Basin and Pearl River Basin of China. It is the main woody oil plant in southern China (Zhuang, 2008). The output of its seed, which is used to produce edible oil, is expected to reach 2.5 million tons by 2020 (Forward Business Information Co., Ltcl, Shonzhon 2019). Meanwhile, its shell, seed meal, and seed cake are also produced as the by-products of oil processing. By-products are rich in organic ingredients and nutrients, and thus are good renewable sources. Among the by-products, its shells take about 3.75million tons. At present, most of the shell is directly discarded for natural decomposition or burned as fuel. Waste gas, liquid, and residue produced in the treatment process pose potential threats to environmental safety (Liu et al. 2018). With the rapid development of C. oleifera Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Jinping Zhang [email protected] 1
Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 73# Daqiao Road, Fuyang District, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
oil processing industry, it is a vital issue to get to grips with its shell. Compost is an effective treatment for their re-utilization. The compost of C. oleifera shell can not only avoid resource waste and environmental pollution but also produce compost products as organic fertilizer to improve soil quality (Wang et al., 2016), providing essential nutrients for plant growth and inhibiting the soil-borne diseases to some extent (Bernal et al., 2009). However, the main components of shell are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin that cannot be easily degraded unde
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