Physical and mechanical properties of reaction wood of tropical softwood species
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BRIEF ORIGINAL
Physical and mechanical properties of reaction wood of tropical softwood species Byantara Darsan Purusatama1 · Fauzi Febrianto2 · Seung Hwan Lee1 · Nam Hun Kim1 Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 4 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The basic properties of compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW) in Sumatran pine and Agathis woods were evaluated according to the Korean Standard. CW showed the highest green and oven-dry density, longitudinal shrinkage, shear and compressive strengths but had the smallest green moisture content (GMC) and radial and tangential shrinkages. LW and OW showed a similarity in the GMC, radial, tangential and volumetric shrinkages, and shear strength, while LW exhibited a higher longitudinal shrinkage and slightly lower compressive strength than OW.
1 Introduction Compression wood (CW) is a reaction wood that occurs on the lower side of branch wood and leaning stem wood in conifers. Lateral wood (LW) and opposite wood (OW) also occur in a stem with reaction wood. CW shows distinctive anatomical characteristics and chemical compositions compared with LW and OW (Purusatama and Kim 2018; Purusatama et al. 2020). Due to those reasons, CW presents abnormalities in physical and mechanical properties. Timell (1986) summarized that CW of radiata pine has a higher density and longitudinal shrinkage compared to OW. In addition, MFA had a stronger influence on the longitudinal shrinkage in CW compared to OW. The compressive strength of CW in giant sequoia was higher than that of normal and tension sides, while the tension side had the lowest compressive strength. Sumatran pine (Pinus merkusii) and Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia) woods are widely used as raw material for lumber, wood panels, musical instruments, pulp, and in the paper industry in Indonesia. There are still many problems for effective utilization of wood including reaction wood * Nam Hun Kim [email protected] 1
Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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in the industry (Pandit and Rahayu 2007). Until now, there is still minimal information regarding the physical and mechanical properties of the wood with CW in Sumatran pine and Agathis woods. Moreover, there is no information in terms of a comparison between CW, LW, and OW of both species. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate and compare the physical and mechanical properties of CW, LW, and OW in the stem of Sumatran pine and Agathis woods to provide valuable information on wood quality.
2 Materials and methods In this study, 49-year-old Sumatran pine with DBH of 40 cm and 65-year-old Agathis with DBH of 89 cm were obtained from Gunung Walat IPB University Forest, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia (6.882937° N, 106.818511° E). All the properties
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