Physical Principles

As discussed in Chapter 1, in remote sensing, the electromagnetic radiations serve as the main communication link between the sensor and the object. Valuable reviews on the nature of EM radiation and physical principles are given by Suits (1983), Fraser a

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Remote Sensing Geology

With 289 Figures and 36 Tables

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

Professor Dr. Ravi Prakash Gupta Department of Earth Sciences University of Roorkee Roorkee 247 667, India

Cover photographs:

Yamuna fault, Bangladesh, flood-plains, SIR-B image; Fig. 13.7b

Landsat MSS5 image; Fig. 13.17

Indus suture zone, Landsat MSS7 image; FIg. 13.21a

ISBN 978-3-662-12916-6

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gupta, Ravi P.. 1948Remote sensing geologylRavi P. Gupta. p. em. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-3-662-12916-6 ISBN 978-3-662-12914-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-12914-2 I. Geology - Remote sensing.!. Title. QE33.2.R4G86 1990550'.28 - dc20

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved. whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation. reprinting, re-use of illustrations. recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways. and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1991 The use of general descriptive names, registered names. trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence ofa specific statement. that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Typesetting: International Typesetters Inc., Makati. Metro Manila. Philippines 32/3145-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper

To M.S.R. for inspiration, faith and persistence

Preface

There has been phenomenal growth in the field of remote sensing over the last two to three decades. It has been applied in the fields of geology, mineral exploration, forestry, agriculture, hydrology, soils, land use etc. - that is, in all pursuits of sciences dealing with the features, processes, and phenomena operating at the earth's surface. The status of geological remote sensing has rapidly advanced and the scientific literature is scattered. The aim of the present book is to systematically discuss the specific requirements of geological remote sensing, to summarize the techniques of remote sensing data collection and interpretation, and to integrate the technique into geoexploration. The main conceptual features of the book are: - To combine various aspects of geological remote sensing, ranging from the laboratory spectra of minerals and rocks to aerial and space-borne remote sensmg. - To integrate photogeology into remote sensing. - To promote remote sensin