Physical Simulation of a Nonconsumable Lance for Secondary Refining Operations
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IN recent years, the international market has presented a high demand for new materials that fulfill the needs of new technological applications. This effort has manifested in the field of metallurgy, particularly in the steel industry, where the requirements for the newly demanded steels are becoming more stringent compared to previous years. This trend has led to exploring beyond the capabilities of the production units of steel either via pneumatic steelmaking (BOF, OBM, or CB) or by electric arc furnaces, through the development of new technologies in the secondary refining processes of the steel. Regarding the homogenization of steel, with HUGO ARCOS-GUTIE´RREZ and ISAI´AS E. GARDUN˜O OLVERA are with the Ca´tedras CONACYT — CIATEQ A.C., Eje 126 No. 225, 78395, San Luis Potosı´ , Mexico. Contact email: [email protected] ROSAURA APARICIO-FERNA´NDEZ is with the Departamento de Ingenierı´ a Metalu´rgica, Facultad de Quı´ mica, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, Edificio D, Circuito de Institutos, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoaca´n, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico. GERARDO BARRERA-CARDIEL and HE´CTOR GUILLERMO CARREO´N-GARCIDUEN˜AS are with the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicola´s de Hidalgo, Instituto de Investigaciones Metalu´rgicas, AP 888, C.P. 58000, Morelia, Michoaca´n, Mexico. Manuscript submitted October 16, 2019; accepted September 25, 2020.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
respect to both composition and temperature, one of the most used techniques is the injection of inert gases, such as argon, within the metal bath, which is complicated to make in the steelmaking furnaces. Several principles are fundamental to this assumption: economics, implying a decrease in the amount of heat per unit time, metal temperature drops, generation of impurities, an increase of converter refractory wear, and the handling of larger volumes of slag. In the interest of solving these problems, the steelmaker introduced a further step in the steel production route: secondary refining. The secondary refining operations are a phase that is well known as a ladle metallurgy process or ladle furnace (LF), generally carried out in a steel transfer ladle. The injection of inert gases carries out these operations within the molten metal bath either through nozzles, porous plugs (used up to 90 pct at industrial level), or submerged lances, which have many advantages, including the addition of powders. However, the disadvantage of such lances is high consumption because they are in contact with the high temperatures of the liquid steel. In the past, using the injection lance was a widely accepted practice, especially in the 1970s and mid-1980s. With the introduction of the porous plug, its uses have become less frequent to the point that it is almost gone. The way to operate this type of device was as follows: the treatment ladle was covered and a lance, protected with refractory material, was immersed in the molten metal bath. Generally, the lance was positioned at the
center of the ladle even though this was not the prima
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