Physical Soil Mechanics
Soil is matter in its own right. Its nature can be captured by means of monotonous, cyclic and strange attractors. Thus material properties are defined by the asymptotic response of sand- and clay-like samples to imposed deformations and stresses. This se
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Gerd Gudehus
Physical Soil Mechanics
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Prof. Dr. Gerd Gudehus Karlsruher Institut f¨ur Technologie Inst. f¨ur Boden- und Felsmechanik Campus S¨ud Engler-Bunte-Ring 14 76131 Karlsruhe Germany [email protected]
Advances in Geophysical and Environmental Mechanics and Mathematics ISSN 1866-8348 e-ISSN 1866-8356 ISBN 978-3-540-36353-8 e-ISBN 978-3-540-36354-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-36354-5 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930660 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
PROLOGUE
Soil is matter in its own right. Everybody will agree, but how to catch it scientifically? The first draft of this book, written with the intention to reconcile elastoplasticity and hypoplasticity, was more a cacophony than a symphony. Screening the literature I got tired by a jungle of data and a morass of equations. Thinking over the issue I got more and more aware that the physis of soils can be captured more geometrico by means of attractors. A look into history and a preview may show what is meant. Physis (ϕ´ υ σις) means nature, early Greek philosophers coined the word physics (ϕυσικα ´ ) for the science of it. They thought that all matter is composed of the four elements fire (πυ ), water (´ υ δω ), air (α´ η ) and earth (γα´ια). Their mathematics (μαθηματ ικ´ α) was mainly geometry (γεωμετ ε´ια), and their mechanics (μηχανικ´ η ) was mainly statics (στ ατ ικ´ η ). Using Appolonius’ cone sections Kepler proposed his three Laws more geometrico, i.e. in a geometrical way. His Astronomia Nova begins with durissime est hodie scribendo libros mathematicos (it is very hard today to write mathematical books) and is full of ellipses, but void of algebra. Introducing gravity and inertia Newton derived Kepler’s Laws more geometrico, hundred years later Euler proposed the differential equation of motion. Feynman proposed another geometrical proof of Kepler’s Laws (Feynman and Goodstein 2000). Geometrical presentations and arguments will be used throughout this book for the ease of understanding, this is called more geometrico. As
