Physico-chemical properties of copper electrorefining and electrowinning electrolytes
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value. The reproducibilities of the results were _+0.0001 g cm-3 or better. The measurements gave specific gravity values which were then converted to absolute densities from published 3 water density values. b) Results and Discussion The density results are listed in Table II. They may be represented 2 0.01 g cm -3 by the linear equation: absolute density, g cm -3 = 1.022 + 10-3(l.04[As] + 2.24[Cu] + 2.37[Fe] + 0.55[H2SO4] + 2.24[Ni] -
Copper concentration 'Free' H2SO4 concentration Nickel concentration Arsenic concentration (Ferrous) Iron concentration
Electrorefining Range (Temperature 50-70 ~
Electrowinning Range Temperature 20-60 ~
30-60 g d m -3 165-225 g d m 3 0-20 g d m -3 0-10 g d m -3 0-3 g d m - 3
5-55 g d m -3 10-165 g din-3 0-4 g dm -3 O~ g d m -3 0-20 g dm ~
All concentrations in the paper are expressed (Table I) in grams dm -3 of solution at 20 ~ Free sulphuric acid is defined as the amount of H2SO 4 added to the solution or the acid equivalent to the SO ]- ions remaining after all copper, nickel and iron are removed as CuSO 4 + NiSO 4 + FeSO 4. The properties measured during the study are tabulated as raw data (Tables II to V) and they are also interpreted where possible by linear equations of the type. property =
KZa i 9
[species concentration]i +
bt
where K, a and b are constants and where [species concentration] is in g dm -3 at 20 ~ and t is temperature, ~ 1. D E N S I T I E S a) Experimental Densities were measured by means of 25 ml and 50 ml pycnometers (Fisher Scientific, Montreal) with at least three measurements being taken for each reported DEREK C. PRICE, formerly Research Associate, Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, is now with Dural Corporation, Tucson, AZ 85712. WILLIAM G. DAVENPORT is Professor of Metallurgy, Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Manuscript submitted February 10, 1981. METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B
0.580
[l]
([As], [Cu], [Fe], [H2SO4], [Ni]: concentrations g dm -3 20 ~ t: temperature ~ which shows that density is increased by all additions to the solution and decreased slightly by increasing temperature. The experimental results are in good agreement with the previous study of CuSO4-H2SO4-H20 electrolytes.2 The results are also in good agreement with the measurements by Claessens 4 for Cu, Co, Mg, Na, A1, H2SO4 electrolytes. The combined results of Claessens and this work may be represented by the equation:
absolute density = 1 . 0 2 + 10 -3 _+0.02 g c m - 3
l,a
+ 1 [As] 3[Mg] 6 [All 0.5 [H~SO41 - 0.6 t ~
121
2. VISCOSITIES a) Experimental Viscosities were determined with a standard Cannon-Fenske routine viscometer (Fisher Scientific~ Montreal) using distilled water as the standard solution. The precision of the results (Table Ill) is estimated to be + 0.001 centipoise. b) Results and Discussion Price and Davenport have reported measurements of viscosities in the C u S O : H 2 S O : H 2 0 system ~ while Claessens 4.~ has examined these solutions w
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