Physics of the Galaxy and Interstellar Matter

The present book is a translation of the original German edition (published in 1982) with some minor corrections and improvements. The guide to sup­ plementary and advanced literature given in the Appendix, however, has been brought up to date. This book

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~ ASTRONOMY AND

ASTROPHYSICS LIBRARY

LIBRARY

Series Editors: M. Harwit, R. Kippenhahn, J.-P. Zahn

Advisory Board:

J. N. Bahcall P. L. Biermann

1st edition 1988

S. Chandrasekhar S. M. Faber L. V. Kuhi P. G. Mezger P. A. Strittmatter

ASTRONOMY A 0 ASTROPHYSICS LIBRARY Series Editors: M. Harwit, R. Kippenhahn, J.-P. Zahn

Tools of Radio Astronomy By K. Rohlfs Physics of the Galaxy and Interstellar Matter By H. Schemer and H. Elsasser Galactic and Extragalactic Radio Astronomy 2nd Edition Editors: G. L. Verschuur, K .I. Kellermann Observational Astrophysics By P. Lena Astrophysical Concepts 2nd Edition By M. Harwit

H. Scheffler H. Elsasser

Physics of the Galaxy and

Interstellar Matter Translated by A. H. Armstrong

With 207 Figures

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo

Professor Dr. Helmut Schemer Landessternwarte, Konigstuhl, D-6900 Heidelberg, FRG

Professor Dr. Hans Elsasser Max-Planck-Institut fUr Astronomie, Konigstuhl, D-6900 Heidelberg, FRG

Translator Arthur H. Armstrong "Everglades", Brimpton Common, Reading, RG7 4RY, Berks., UK

Series Editors Martin Harwit The National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution 7th St. and Independence Ave. S.W. Washington, DC 20560, USA

Rudolf Kippenhahn Jean-Paul Zahn Max-Planck-Institut fUr Physik und Astrophysik Institut fiir Astrophysik Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1 D-8046 Garching, FRG

Universitt: Paul Sabatier Observatoires du Pic-duMidi et de Toulouse 14, Avenue Edouard-Belin F-31400 Toulouse, France

Cover picture: Sagittarius A. Filamentary structure near the Galactic Center. Radio continuum observations at 20 cm with the Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope in New Mexico. Observers: F. Yusef-Zadeh, M.R. Morris and D.R. Chance - Courtesy of NRAOjAUI.

Title of the original German edition: Bau und Physik der Galaxis

© Bibliographisches Institut AG, Ziirich 1982

ISBN -13: 978-3-540-17315-1 e- ISBN -13: 978-3-642-71721-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-71721-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Schemer, Helmut, 1928 -. Physics of the galaxy and interstellar matter. (Astronomy and astrophysics library). Translation of: Bau und Physik der Galaxis. Includes index. 1. Galaxies. 2. Interstellar matter. 3. Astrometry. I. Elsasser, Hans, 1929 -. II. Title. III. Series. QB857.S3414 1988 523.1'12 86-31616 This work is subject to copyright. Ail rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publi