Phytohormones and volatile organic compounds, like geosmin, in the ectomycorrhiza of Tricholoma vaccinum and Norway spru
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Phytohormones and volatile organic compounds, like geosmin, in the ectomycorrhiza of Tricholoma vaccinum and Norway spruce (Picea abies) Oluwatosin Abdulsalam1 · Katharina Wagner1 · Sophia Wirth1 · Maritta Kunert2 · Anja David2 · Mario Kallenbach2 · Wilhelm Boland2 · Erika Kothe1 · Katrin Krause1 Received: 21 June 2020 / Accepted: 11 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The ectomycorrhizospheric habitat contains a diverse pool of organisms, including the host plant, mycorrhizal fungi, and other rhizospheric microorganisms. Different signaling molecules may influence the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we investigated the potential of the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum to produce communication molecules for the interaction with its coniferous host, Norway spruce (Picea abies). We focused on the production of volatile organic compounds and phytohormones in axenic T. vaccinum cultures, identified the potential biosynthesis genes, and investigated their expression by RNA-Seq analyses. T. vaccinum released volatiles not usually associated with fungi, like limonene and β-barbatene, and geosmin. Using stable isotope labeling, the biosynthesis of geosmin was elucidated. The geosmin biosynthesis gene ges1 of T. vaccinum was identified, and up-regulation was scored during mycorrhiza, while a different regulation was seen with mycorrhizosphere bacteria. The fungus also released the volatile phytohormone ethylene and excreted salicylic and abscisic acid as well as jasmonates into the medium. The tree excreted the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid, and its biosynthesis intermediate, indole-3-acetamide, as well as salicylic acid with its root exudates. These compounds could be shown for the first time in exudates as well as in soil of a natural ectomycorrhizospheric habitat. The effects of phytohormones present in the mycorrhizosphere on hyphal branching of T. vaccinum were assessed. Salicylic and abscisic acid changed hyphal branching in a concentration-dependent manner. Since extensive branching is important for mycorrhiza establishment, a well-balanced level of mycorrhizospheric phytohormones is necessary. The regulation thus can be expected to contribute to an interkingdom language. Keywords Ectomycorrhiza · Tricholoma vaccinum · Norway spruce · Volatile organic compounds · Geosmin · Germacradienol synthase · Phytohormones
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-020-01005-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Katrin Krause katrin.krause@uni‑jena.de 1
Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans‑Knöll‑Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
2
Communication is essential to establish interactions between different cells, individuals, species, kingdoms, and even domains of life in their respective habitats. Forests enhance their stress tolerance to biotic and abiot
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