Phytopathogenic oomycetes: a review focusing on Phytophthora cinnamomi and biotechnological approaches
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MINI REVIEW ARTICLE
Phytopathogenic oomycetes: a review focusing on Phytophthora cinnamomi and biotechnological approaches Darling de Andrade Lourenço1,2 · Iuliia Branco1,2 · Altino Choupina3,2 Received: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 10 October 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The Phytophthora genus is composed, mainly, of plant pathogens. This genus belongs to the Oomycete class, also known as “pseudo-fungi”, within the Chromista Kingdom. Phytophthora spp. is highlighted due to the significant plant diseases that they cause, which represents some of the most economically and cultural losses, such as European chestnut ink disease, which is caused by P. cinnamomi. Currently, there have been four genome assemblies placed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), although the progress to understand and elucidate the pathogenic process of P. cinnamomi by its genome is progressing slowly. In this review paper, we aim to report and discuss the recent findings related to P. cinnamomi and its genomic information. Our research is based on paper databases that reported probable functions to P. cinnamomi proteins using sequence alignments, bioinformatics, and biotechnology approaches. Some of these proteins studied have functions that are proposed to be involved in the asexual sporulation and zoosporogenesis leading to the host colonization and consequently associated with pathogenicity. Some remarkable genes and proteins discussed here are related to oospore development, inhibition of sporangium formation and cleavage, inhibition of flagellar assembly, blockage of cyst germination and hyphal extension, and biofilm proteins. Lastly, we report some biotechnological approaches using biological control, studies with genome sequencing of P. cinnamomi resistant plants, and gene silencing through RNA interference (iRNA). Keywords Chestnut ink disease · Oomycetes · Biological control · RNA interference
Introduction The species of the Phytophthora genus, which belong to the Oomycetes class, are a fungus-like group of organisms that are mainly plant pathogens and are widely spread around the world (Fig. 1). Among the hosts, forest species are the most affected [1, 2]. Indeed, this genus is highlighted due to the significant diseases that they are responsible for, which represents some of the most economically and cultural losses, * Altino Choupina [email protected] 1
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos street, 2600, RS 90035‑003 Porto Alegre, Brazil
2
CIMO‑Mountain Research Center, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5301‑855 Bragança, Portugal
3
Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5301‑855 Bragança, Portugal
such as potato late blight caused by P. infestans, the black shank of tobacco by P. nicotianae, stem rot of soybean by P. sojae and, the ink disease of chestnut caused by P. cinnamomi [3–5
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