Phytosanitary Treatments
Phytosanitary treatments are official pre-shipment or quarantine processes recognized internationally and used by National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) to mitigate biosecurity risks associated with plants or plant-based products. Various chemica
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Phytosanitary Treatments M.K. Hennessey, L. Jeffers, D. Nendick, Ken Glassy, L. Floyd, J.D. Hansen, W.D. Bailey, I. Winborne, D. Bartels, C. Ramsey, and C. Devorshak
10.1
Introduction
A phytosanitary treatment is an official procedure for the killing, inactivation or removal of pests, or for rendering pests infertile or for devitalisation (FAO 2009). These treatments are for plants or plant material. Many treatment options are available including chemical treatments (dips, sprays or fumigations), and physical methods (cold, heat and irradiation treatments). Ideally, phytosanitary treatments used for quarantine purposes should produce efficacy equal to or greater than Probit 9 (Sects. 5.6 and 11.2). Probit 9 is a concept developed by Baker (1939) that allows for a minimum of 99.9968 % mortality of pests associated with commodities. In other words, at a 95 % confidence level, after the treatment of 93,600 pests there are no survivors (Heather and Hallman 2008b). Generally, Probit 9 is the required efficacy for a stand-alone phytosanitary treatment and is a standard for treatment effectiveness having its origin in fruit fly mortality research (Sect. 15.3). This standard has been adopted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and other countries for economically important fruit flies and other pests. Following this acceptance, Probit-9 has been used as a yardstick for many international quarantine treatments (Johnson and Hansen 2008; Schortemeyer et al. 2011). However, Probit 9 is not the international standard or desired endpoint for treatment efficacy. According to ISPM 11 (FAO 2004), The conclusions from pest risk assessment are used to decide whether risk management is required and M.K. Hennessey (*) • L. Jeffers • L. Floyd • J.D. Hansen • W.D. Bailey • I. Winborne D. Bartels • C. Ramsey • C. Devorshak Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, NC, USA e-mail: [email protected] D. Nendick • K. Glassy Plant, Food & Environment Directorate, Standards Branch, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Pastoral House 25 The Terrace, PO Box 2526, Wellington, New Zealand G. Gordh and S. McKirdy (eds.), The Handbook of Plant Biosecurity, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7365-3_10, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2014
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the strength of measures to be used. Since zero-risk is not a reasonable option, the guiding principle for risk management should be to manage risk to achieve the required degree of safety that can be justified and is feasible within the limits of available options and resources. Pest risk management (in the analytical sense) is the process of identifying ways to react to a perceived risk, evaluating the efficacy of these actions, and identifying the most appropriate options. The uncertainty noted in the assessments of economic consequences and probability of introduction should also be considered
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