Piezo-phototronic effect on optoelectronic nanodevices
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troduction The performance of optoelectronic nanoscale devices is primarily dictated by the structure and the characteristics of the semiconductor materials used in these devices. Extensive efforts have been made to improve the overall efficiency of the devices.1–5 Interface band engineering in particular plays a key role in improving the efficiency. Radiative recombination occurs at the interface, and device efficiency is dependent on the quality and band structure at the interface. The piezo-phototronic effect was first proposed in 2010 and demonstrated in optoelectronic nanoscale devices (please also see the Introductory article in this issue6) in order to enhance the performance of devices based on piezoelectric nanowires (NWs).7–9 Compared to other traditional techniques, the piezophototronic effect with three-way coupling among piezoelectric, semiconductor, and photonic properties in noncentrosymmetric semiconductor materials can serve as an effective means of tuning charge separation, transport, or recombination to optimize the performance of the device.10,11 Moreover, although piezophototronic devices use traditional piezoelectric materials, the piezo-phototronic effect affects the band structure in such a way that the device efficiency is much higher than that for traditional devices constructed from the same materials. In addition, the efficiency can be tuned even after the device has been fabricated.
Further, the dependence of the intensity of a NW array-based light-emitting diode (LED) on external strain would open a new window for mapping strain when this system is used as an optical signal-based pressure sensor (so-called electronic skin). Human tactile sensation has always been a challenge to reproduce in artificial intelligence and robotics, due to the difficulty of obtaining pressure sensor arrays that have high spatial resolution, have a rapid response, are flexible, and can be integrated on a large scale. Such nanoscale pressure sensitive LED arrays based on the piezo-phototronic effect could provide a solution to this problem. The output signal is electroluminescence light that can be easily integrated with on-chip photonic technologies for fast data transmission, processing, and recording. In this article, we review recent work on improving the luminous efficiency and intensity of NW-based photodetectors, solar cells, and LEDs through the piezo-phototronic effect. First, we introduce the basic principle of the piezo-phototronic effect and the materials used in piezo-phototronic devices. We discuss improvements in the performance of a number of piezo-phototronic NW-based photodetectors, solar cells, and LEDs to show its general impact. Finally, we demonstrate an optical signal-based pressure sensor for the fast mapping of strain at the micrometer scale based on light emission intensity
Rongrong Bao, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, School of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; [email protected] Youfan Hu, Department of Electronics, Peking Univers
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