Nonlinear Optoelectronic Materials
In a nonlinear optical material, intense light alters the real and imaginary components of the refractive index. The nonlinear response of the real part of refractive index modifies the phase of propagating light, while the imaginary part describes the ch
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Nonlinear Opt 45. Nonlinear Optoelectronic Materials
45.1 Background ........................................ 1075 45.1.1 Signal Processing in Optical Networks ................... 1075 45.1.2 Optical Signal Processing Using Nonlinear Optics ............... 1076
45.1.3 The Approach Taken During this Survey of Nonlinear Optoelectronic Materials ............ 1076 45.2 Illumination-Dependent Refractive Index and Nonlinear Figures of Merit (FOM) .... 1077 45.2.1 Ultrafast Response..................... 1077 45.2.2 Ultrafast Nonlinear Material Figures of Merit......................... 1078 45.2.3 Resonant Response ................... 1079 45.2.4 Resonant Nonlinear Material Figures of Merit......................... 1079 45.3 Bulk and Multi-Quantum-Well (MQW) Inorganic Crystalline Semiconductors .... 1080 45.3.1 Resonant Nonlinearities ............. 1080 45.3.2 Nonresonant Nonlinearities in Inorganic Crystalline Semiconductors ........................ 1083 45.4 Organic Materials ................................ 1084 45.4.1 Resonant Nonlinear Response of Organic Materials................... 1085 45.4.2 Nonresonant Nonlinear Response of Organic Materials................... 1086 45.5 Nanocrystals ....................................... 1087 45.6 Other Nonlinear Materials .................... 1088 45.7 Conclusions ......................................... 1089 References .................................................. 1089
45.1 Background Optical fiber provides a suitable medium in which it is possible to reach tremendous transmission rates over long distances [45.1]. The maximum informationcarrying capacity has been estimated to be around 100 Tbps [45.2]. Very high data rates can be achieved using a combination of wavelength- and time-division multiplexing techniques (WDM and TDM). WDM involves sending many signals in parallel at closely spaced wavelengths along the same fiber, while TDM allows close spacing in time of bits in a single channel.
While there exist means to produce, transfer, and detect information at a very high bandwidth, there is a need for more agility in photonic networks. The agility of present-day optical networks is limited by the electronic nature of a very important function: the processing of information-bearing signals. Signal processing is responsible for switching and routing traffic, establishing links, restoring broken links, and monitoring and managing the network.
Part D 45
In a nonlinear optical material, intense light alters the real and imaginary components of the refractive index. The nonlinear response of the real part of refractive index modifies the phase of propagating light, while the imaginary part describes the change in absorption. These illumination-dependent properties of nonlinear materials provide the basis for all-optical switching—the ability to manipulate optical signals without the need for optical–electronic–optical conversion. In this chapter we review the physical processes underlying the illumination-dependent refractive index. We review the real and imaginary no
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