Pigment elicitation and sun protection factor of callus induced from Cassia tora seedling explants
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Pigment elicitation and sun protection factor of callus induced from Cassia tora seedling explants Mansi Shah1 · Indu Anna George1 Received: 1 November 2019 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Natural pigments are derived from sources such as plant, animal, insects, and fungi. The anthraquinones are natural pigments that have pharmacological activities. They have applications in several domains such as the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and textile industries. Anthraquinones occur naturally in many plants including Cassia tora of the Fabaceae family. The present study focused on the production of pigments (anthraquinones) from callus of Cassia tora cultured on medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine and thidiazuron. The elicitor, salicylic acid, increased anthraquinone production in callus cultures whereas ethrel had minimum effect. Anthraquinone production increased twofold in callus inoculated in medium containing 10 mM salicylate. The yield obtained was 3709 ± 269.65 mg/kg dry weight of callus in Fraction B. The sun protection factor of the callus extracts was also assessed. The maximum sun protection factor observed was 38. Key message Growth analysis of Cassia tora callus, modulating callus growth and pigment (anthraquinones) production with theelicitors Ethrel and salicylic acid. Potential application of callus extract as Sun protectant. Keywords Cassia tora · Callus culture · Pigments · Ethrel · Salicylic acid · Sun protection factor
Introduction Natural pigments are derived from plants, animals, insects, fungi and microorganisms. Their classification is based on their structure and source. According to the structure, pigments could be tetrapyrrole derivatives, isoprenoid derivatives, N-heterocyclic compounds, benzopyran derivatives, quinone derivatives and melanins (Delgado-Vargas et al. 2000). Anthraquinones are quinone based organic Communicated by Danny Geelen. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-020-01913-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Indu Anna George [email protected] Mansi Shah [email protected] 1
Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400098, India
compounds that have an anthracene ring with two carbonyls in position C9 and C 10 (Tsimogiannis and Oreopoulou 2019; Shahid et al. 2019). They occur naturally in their glycosidic forms in some plants, fungi, lichens, insects and serve as a skeleton for their pigments (Dave and Ledwani 2012; Shahid et al. 2019). Plant families such as Rubiaceae, Rhamnaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Bignoniaceae, Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Liliaceae contain significant amounts of anthraquinones (Tsimogiannis and Oreopoulou 2019). Plants of Fabaceae, the legume family, are considered as rich source of nitrogenous secondary metabolites given the presence of root nodules and their association with nitrogen fixing symb
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