Pinus pinea (L.) nut and kernel productivity in relation to cone, tree and stand characteristics
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Pinus pinea (L.) nut and kernel productivity in relation to cone, tree and stand characteristics Anabela Afonso
. Ana Cristina Gonc¸alves
. Dulce G. Pereira
Received: 2 November 2019 / Accepted: 14 July 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Pinus pinea stands have been identified as one of the target species for agroforestry systems in Europe. Its fruit yield is of importance to the local development, especially in the Mediterranean basin, due to its highly nutritional kernels and its economic value. The objectives of this study were to analyze the relation between pine nut and kernel weight and its efficiencies in relation to cone and tree traits for different stand structures. The statistical analysis was carried out with correlation, multiple correlation analysis, hurdle-gamma regression, principal component and cluster analysis, with a dataset of about 3300 cones collected in four plots and 3 years. The results indicate that pine nut and kernel and its efficiencies depend on stand structure, year and tree
A. Afonso (&) D. G. Pereira Departamento de Matema´tica, Escola de Cieˆncias e Tecnologia, Centro de Investigac¸a˜o em Matema´tica e Aplicac¸o˜es, Instituto de Investigac¸a˜o e Formac¸a˜o Avanc¸ada, Universidade de E´vora, Rua Roma˜o Ramalho 59, 7000-671 E´vora, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] D. G. Pereira e-mail: [email protected] A. C. Gonc¸alves Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola de Cieˆncias e Tecnologia, Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Instituto de Investigac¸a˜o e Formac¸a˜o Avanc¸ada, Universidade de E´vora, Apartado 94, 7002-544 E´vora, Portugal e-mail: [email protected]
characteristics. The principal component analysis and the cluster analysis enabled the identification of four groups of trees related to the pine nut and kernel efficiencies. The higher efficiencies per tree are attained in stands managed for fruit production, increasing with the decrease of the density. Keywords Hurdle-gamma regression Pine nut and kernel efficiency Principal component analysis Stem and crown diameter Weight
Introduction Agroforestry and silvopastoral systems combining forest trees, agriculture (e.g., pasture) and grazing, are known for the balance between facilitation and competition, thus enabling to optimize the use of the growing space (Jose et al. 2019). The several products and yields derive in economically viable systems (Jose et al. 2004, 2019; Eichhorn et al. 2006; Cubbage et al. 2012; Nerlich et al. 2013; Pasalodos-Tato et al. 2016; Miah et al. 2018). The different components of the system are designed to optimize the spatial and temporal use of the growing space (Jose et al. 2019). It includes maintaining or improving pasture and forage quantity and quality (Orefice et al. 2019; Pang et al. 2019a, b), especially under drought conditions (Eichhorn et al. 2006; Ford et al. 2019) while
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Agroforest Syst
maintaining tree productivity. These systems enhance biomass and carbon storage (Cubbage
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