Models of Tree and Stand Dynamics Theory, Formulation and Applicatio
The book is designed to be a textbook for university students (MSc-PhD level) and a reference for researchers and practitioners. It is an introduction to dynamic modelling of forest growth based on ecological theory but aiming for practical applications f
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els of Tree and Stand Dynamics Theory, Formulation and Application
Models of Tree and Stand Dynamics
Annikki M¨akel¨a • Harry T. Valentine
Models of Tree and Stand Dynamics Theory, Formulation and Application
Annikki M¨akel¨a Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
Harry T. Valentine USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Durham, NH, USA
ISBN 978-3-030-35760-3 ISBN 978-3-030-35761-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35761-0 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
This book is designed to be a textbook for graduate-level students of forest ecology and forestry who are interested in modelling and also for mathematicians or physicists who have an interest in forest ecology. In addition, it can serve as a reference for researchers who are engaged in the modelling of tree and stand dynamics. The book is an introduction to the modelling of forest growth based on ecological theory and is specifically aimed at practical applications for forest management under environmental change. It is largely based on the work and research findings of the authors, but it also covers a wide range of literature relevant to process-based forest modelling in general. Although the models presented in this book are based on ecological theory and research findings, they are formulated to be sufficiently simple in structure to readily lend themselves to practical application. One of our primary objectives has been to provide a bridge between so-called empirical and process-based forest models, both through mathematical description and numerical estimation. The link to empirical findings means that the models can
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