Pivotal MicroRNAs in Melanoma: A Mini-Review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Pivotal MicroRNAs in Melanoma: A Mini-Review Zhenjun Deng1 • Jingang Hao2 • Dongyun Lei1 • Yongjing He3 Lechun Lu1,4 • Li He1
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Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
Abstract Melanoma is a common skin cancer associated with ultraviolet light exposure and genetic variance. However, the etiology and molecular mechanisms of melanoma remain unknown. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can play key roles in the development and prognosis of this disease. In this study, we reviewed several pivotal miRNAs that may contribute to melanoma by involvement in the processes of invasion, migration, and metastasis of melanoma cells. Key Points Melanoma may be associated with differential expressions of miRNA-21, miRNA-203, miRNA214, miRNA-137, and miRNA-125b. miRNAs induce melanoma cell proliferation, survival, and migration via regulating target genes. Z. Deng, J. Hao, and D. Lei contributed equally to this work and should be considered joint first authors. & Lechun Lu [email protected] & Li He [email protected] 1
Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
2
Department of Medicine Image, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
3
Department of Plastic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
4
Department of Physiology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
1 Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to the family of short noncoding RNAs, containing about 22 nucleotides, which function in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation of expression [1, 2]. The first miRNA was discovered by Lee et al. [3] in 1993 while they were studying the function of the lin-4 gene. Since then, numerous miRNAs have been discovered, which are now recognized to be widely present in plants, animals, and even some viruses. Many studies have confirmed that miRNAs play an important role in cell survival, apoptosis, the cell cycle, and gene regulation [2, 4]. As miRNAs are essential to the normal functioning of eukaryotic cells, their dysregulation has been associated with various disorders [5], such as inherited diseases [6], cancer [7], heart disease [8], and obesity [9]. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer, which develops from the melanocytes; its incidence has grown rapidly in recent years, especially in the Caucasian population [10]. In China, both the incidence and relevant mortality from melanoma remained low for many years, but a sudden increase has been observed in recent years [11]. The primary cause of melanoma has been found to be exposure to ultraviolet light. However, many recent studies have highlighted genetics, and a few of them have pointed toward miRNAs as playing important roles in the development and prognosis of melanoma [12, 13]. Some miRNAs [14]—such as miRNA-155 [15], miRNA-193b [16], and miRNA-205 [17, 18]—regulate the cell cycle and proliferation in melanoma, and some—such a
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