Planktonic and Benthic Bacterial Communities of the Largest Central European Shallow Lake, Lake Balaton and Its Main Inf
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Planktonic and Benthic Bacterial Communities of the Largest Central European Shallow Lake, Lake Balaton and Its Main Inflow Zala River Milán Farkas1 · Edit Kaszab1 · Júlia Radó1 · Judit Háhn1 · Gergő Tóth1 · Péter Harkai1 · Árpád Ferincz2 · Zsófia Lovász3 · András Táncsics4 · Lajos Vörös5 · Balázs Kriszt1 · Sándor Szoboszlay1 Received: 15 April 2020 / Accepted: 1 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Lake Balaton is the largest European shallow lake, which underwent cultural eutrophication in the ‘70–80s. Therefore, strict pollution control measures were introduced and the water quality has become meso-eutrophic since the millennium. Due to the touristic significance and change in trophic levels of the lake, numerous ecological studies were carried out, but none of them was focused on both benthic and planktonic microbial communities at the same time. In our study, an attempt was made to reveal the spatial bacterial heterogeneity of the Lake Balaton and Zala River by 16S rDNA terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting and Illumina amplicon sequencing methods in the summer of 2017. According to the molecular biology results, mostly well-known freshwater microorganisms, adapted to nutrient-poor conditions were found in the pelagic water column. The LD12 subclade member Fonsibacter ubiquis, the cyanobacterial Synechococcus sp. and unknown Verrucomicrobia species were abundant in the less nutrient-dense basins, while the hgcI clade members showed various distribution. In the estuary and in the nutrient-dense western part of the lake, some eutrophic conditions preferring cyanobacteria (filamentous Anabaena and Aphanizomenon species) were also detectable. The benthic microbial community showed higher diversity, according to the observed appearance of microorganisms adapted to the deeper, less aerated layers (e.g. members of Desulfobacteraceae, Nitrosomonadaceae).
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02241-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Milán Farkas [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Protection and Safety, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
2
Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
3
Department Kis‑Balaton, West-Transdanubian Water Directorate, Csík Ferenc sétány 4, Keszthely 8360, Hungary
4
Regional University Center of Excellence in Environmental Industry, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
5
Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Klebelsberg Kuno utca 3, Tihany 8237, Hungary
Lake Balaton, with a surface area of 594 km2 and an average depth of 3.2 m, is the largest central European shallow lake. The Balaton lakebed is 2–3 m deep at the north coast and gradually drops towards the south. The deepest points are usually located 1–1.5 km from the south shoreline where the shallow co
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