Insight into the hidden bacterial diversity of Lake Balaton, Hungary
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Insight into the hidden bacterial diversity of Lake Balaton, Hungary E. Tóth1 · M. Toumi1 · R. Farkas1 · K. Takáts1 · Cs. Somodi1 · É. Ács2,3 Received: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract In the present study, the prokaryotic community structure of the water of Lake Balaton was investigated at the littoral region of three different points (Tihany, Balatonmáriafürdő and Keszthely) by cultivation independent methods [next-generation sequencing (NGS), specific PCRs and microscopy cell counting] to check the hidden microbial diversity of the lake. The taxon-specific PCRs did not show pathogenic bacteria but at Keszthely and Máriafürdő sites extended spectrum betalactamase-producing microorganisms could be detected. The bacterial as well as archaeal diversity of the water was high even when many taxa are still uncultivable. Based on NGS, the bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, while the most frequent Archaea belonged to Woesearchaeia (Nanoarchaeota). The ratio of the detected taxa differed among the samples. Three different types of phototrophic groups appeared: Cyanobacteria (oxygenic phototrophic organisms), Chloroflexi (anaerobic, organotrophic bacteria) and the aerobic, anoxic photoheterotrophic group (AAPs). Members of Firmicutes appeared only with low abundance, and Enterobacteriales (order within Proteobacteria) were present also only in low numbers in all samples. Keywords Lake Balaton · Bacterial diversity · Archaea · Bacteria · Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
Introduction Lake Balaton is the biggest lake of Central Europe, a shallow water ditch, with an average depth of 3.0–3.6 m. The open water of the lake is almost permanently homogenized by wind, resulting concomitant resuspension of the sediment. The lake has a great importance also due to its touristical use. The quality of the water is regularly tested, and monitoring has started already in the 1960s (Szabó 1999; Kiss et al. 2005). In 2006, Hungary joined the water quality assessments in line with the EU Water Framework Directive (EU WFD). In it, the definitions of biological variables were given a much stronger role than before. Moreover, till that time many studies had revealed the state of the water
* E. Tóth [email protected] 1
Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
2
MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Danube Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
3
National University of Public Service, Faculty of Water Sciences, Baja, Hungary
(Istvánovics et al. 2008; Bolla et al. 2010; Hatvani et al. 2014; Maasz et al. 2019). The first microbiological investigations aimed at studying the prokaryotic diversity of the lake showed that members of the genus Bacillus (Firmicutes) are dominant at some regions (Langó 1982). Different Actinobacteria were also isolated from the water of Keszthely Bay, e.g. Streptomyces and Micromonospora species (Farkas 1982). In 1985, the presence of Enterobacteria (indicating f
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