Plants and Metabolic Diseases
Hyperlipidemia, obesity and diabetes are complex metabolic disorders affecting millions of people in the world. In the United States about 98 million people have elevated cholesterol levels, 58 million have weight problems and 16 million have diabetes. Th
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lipid Metabolism
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Clinical Picture Antihyperlipidemic Drugs Artichoke Gugulipid Garlic Fenugreek Red yeast rice
Obesity Clinical Picture Botanical Products for Weight Reduction Ephedra Guarana. Guar gum Kelp, Rhubarb Garcinia, Psyllium
F. Capasso et al., Phytotherapy © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003
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Diabetes Mellitus Clinical Picture Phytotherapy of Diabetes Gymnema Opuntia, Bitter melon, Ginseng A/oevero
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Further Reading
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Introduction
Hyperlipidemia, obesity and diabetes are complex metabolic disorders affecting millions of people in the world. In the United States about 98 million people have elevated cholesterol levels, 58 million have weight problems and 16 million have diabetes. The cause of these diseases is not always known; it is assumed that they have a genetic component because they often run in families. Other factors involved are: age, diet, physical activity, ethnic background, environmental and psychological factors, and perhaps hormonal disorders. These diseases greatly increase the risk of premature death; in addition, they are the major risk factors for developing heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, gallbladder disease and some forms of cancer. Most people with diabetes, weight problems or hyperlipidemia can lead normal lives and dramatically reduce the risk of serious complications by carefully balancing their diet and by increasing physical activity. In some cases, the use of drugs may help to normalize metabolic functions.
lipid Metabolism Clinical Picture • Ingested fats are the main source of stored fuel in the body. These fats, and those that are synthesized endogenously, form a variety of functionally important compounds such as cell membrane components, bile, steroid hormones, and intercellular signaling molecules (e.g. lipid mediators such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF). • Because lipids are insoluble in aqueous solutions, they must be transported in the plasma from tissue to tissue bound to proteins, hence the name, lipoprotein. The processes of dietary fat intake, hepatic synthesis of fat molecules, and delivery to target tissues are known collectively as lipoprotein metabolism (Box 15.1). • Hyperlipidemias are common disorders in many countries. The most commonly encountered conditions are elevations of LDL, VLDL, or both lipoproteins produced by a combination of familial tendencies and dietary
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Lipid Metabolism kx15.1
Lipoprotein metabolism and site of action of herbal medicines Liver
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Movement of triglycerides (TG) I. Inge led ~ lIy a id are converted 10 triglycerid (TG). combined with apoprolein nd covered by a pho pholipid monolayer to form chylomicr n ( M). 2.
imil rly, T ynlhe iz d in Ihe liver are combined with poprotein to form v ry low den ity lipoprotein (VLDL). CM and VLOL h ve the highe t T content and th refore the lowe t den ity.
3. While circulating through peripheral va cui r bed, lipoprotein lipa e in dipo e ti ue remove TG from
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